svar (= sur - ) cl.10 P. svarayati - , to find fault, blame, censure svar (prob. = a lost sur - ; see svṛ - ) cl.1 P. svarati - , Causal svarayati - , to shine. svar ind. (in yajur -veda - also s/uvar - ) (used in veda - as nom accusative locative case ,or genitive case ,in also as ablative ;from the weak base s/ūr - the forms the genitive case s/ūras - and the dative case sūr/e - [ ]) , the sun, sunshine, light, lustre svar ind. bright space or sky, heaven (as distinguished from div - ,which is regarded as the vault above it;often"heaven"as a paradise and as the abode of the gods and the Blest, in also of the asura - s; svaḥ prayātaḥ - ,"gone to heaven" id est "departed this life") etc. svar ind. the space above the sun or between the sun and the polar star, the region of the planets and constellations (regarded as the 3rd of the 7 worlds [see loka - ]and the 3rd of the three vyāhṛti - s [i.e. bh/ur bh/uvaḥ sv/aḥ - ]; svar - is pronounced after om - and before the gāyatrī - by every Brahman on beginning his daily prayers) etc. svar ind. water svar ind. Name of śiva - [ confer, compare Greek , ; Latin sol; Lithuanian sa4ule; Gothic sauil; Anglo-Saxon so7l.] svar a svaraṇa - etc. See p.1285. svar a m. (in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' f(ā - ). ) sound, noise etc. svar am. voice etc. svar am. tone in recitation etc. (either high or low), accent (of which there are three kinds, udātta - , anudātta - qq. vv., and svarita - , column 3), a note of the musical scale (of which seven [rarely six or eight] are enumerated, 1. niṣāda - ;2. ṛṣabha - ;3. gāndhāra - ;4. ṣaḍja - ;5. madhyama - ;6. dhaivata - ;7. pañcama - [described as resembling respectively the notes of an elephant, bull, goat, peacock, curlew or heron, horse, and Koil]) svar am. (in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' f(ā - ). ) sound, noise etc. svar am. voice etc. svar am. tone in recitation etc. (either high or low), accent (of which there are three kinds, udātta - , anudātta - qq. vv., and svarita - , column 3), a note of the musical scale (of which seven [rarely six or eight] are enumerated, 1. niṣāda - ;2. ṛṣabha - ;3. gāndhāra - ;4. ṣaḍja - ;5. madhyama - ;6. dhaivata - ;7. pañcama - [described as resembling respectively the notes of an elephant, bull, goat, peacock, curlew or heron, horse, and Koil;and designated by their initial letters or syllables thus, ni - ; ṛ - ; ga - ; ṣa - ; ma - ; dha - ; pa - ],but the order is sometimes changed, ṣadja - being placed first, and niṣāda - last) etc. svar am. a symbolical expression for the number"seven" svar am. a vowel (either dīrgha - ,"long";or hrasva - ,"short";or pluta - ,"prolated") etc. svar am. air breathed through the nostrils svar am. Name of viṣṇu - svar āf. Name of the chief wife of brahmā - svar an. a musical note on svar an. Name of various sāman - s svar abaddhamfn. composed in musical measure (said of a song etc.) svar abhairavam. Name of tantra - work svar abhaktif. "vowel-separation", a vowel-sound phonetically inserted between r - or l - and a following consonant (exempli gratia, 'for example' varṣa - pronounced variṣa - ) svar abhaṅgam. "broken articulation", stammering svar abhaṅgam. hoarseness svar abhaṅginm. "note-separating", a kind of bird svar abhedam. indistinctness of utterance, hoarseness svar abhedam. simulation of voice (instrumental case "in a feigned voice") svar abhedam. betrayal by one's voice ( svarabhedabhaya -bhaya - n. "fear of betraying one's voice") svar abhedam. difference of accent svar abhedam. difference of musical tones svar abhedabhayan. svarabheda svar abhūtamfn. become a vowel (id est changed from a semivowel followed by a vowel into i - or u - ) svar abrahmann. " brahman - as manifested in sound", the sacred texts svar acchidran. the sound-hole of a flute svar acintāf. Name of work on vowels svar adhītamfn. "reaching heaven", the mountain meru - svar adhītasāram. Name of indra - svar adīptamfn. (in augury) inauspicious with regard to voice or sound svar agatādhyāyam. Name of the first chapter of the saṃgīta -darpaṇa - and of the saṃgīta -ratnākara - . svar aghnam. "voice-destroyer", Name of a particular disease of the throat svar agrāmam. the musical scale, gamut svar aguptif. depth of voice svar ahanm. equals -ghna - svar ājmfn. (Nominal verb -rāṭ - ) self-ruling svar ājm. a self-ruler etc. svar ājmfn. self-resplendent, self-luminous svar ājm. Name of brahmā - svar ājm. of viṣṇu -kṛṣṇa - svar ājm. of a manu - svar ājm. of an ekā ha - svar ājm. of one of the 7 principal rays of the sun svar ājf. various kinds of metre svar ājanmf(jñī - )n. self-ruling, self-guiding, a self-ruler svar ājyan. independent dominion or sovereignty svar ājyan. own dominion or kingdom svar ājyan. (with indrasya - ) Name of a sāman - svar akampam. trembling of tone svar akaramfn. producing voice svar akṣayam. loss of voice svar akṣuf. Name of a river svar alakṣaṇan. Name of a treatise (on the accents of the taittirīya - , by keśa -vārya - ). svar alāsikāf. a flute, pipe svar ālum. a kind of root (equals vacā - ) svar amañcanṛtyan. (in music) a kind of dance svar amaṇḍalam. a kind of vīṇā - or stringed musical instrument svar amaṇḍalikāf. a kind of vīṇā - or stringed musical instrument svar amañjarīf. Name of work on Vedic accents. svar amantrakāṇḍan. Name of work svar amātrāf. strength of sound svar amelakalānidhif. Name of work svar aṃkritamfn. well arranged or prepared (as a sacrifice) svar āṃśam. a half or quarter tone in music svar āṃśam. a seventh (See under svara - ) svar aṇamfn. loud-sounding, clear-voiced svar anābhim. a kind of flute svar anirṇayam. Name of work (on the accents of the ṛg - - veda - , in 21 śloka - s, by jayanta -svāmin - ). svar āṅkam. a kind of musical composition svar āṅkuśam. Name of work (equals svaranirṇaya - ). svar āntamfn. ending in a vowel svar āntamfn. having the svarita - accent on the last syllable svar āntaran. "vowel-interval", the interval between two vowels, hiatus (equals vivṛtti - ) svar āntareind. between two vowels svar āpagāf. "river of heaven" equals -gaṅgā - svar apakṣamfn. "sound-winged", possessing sound as wings svar apañcāśatf. Name of work on Vedic accents. svar aparibhāṣāf. Name of work (on the more ancient notation of the accents or tones in the sāmaveda - , used in South India). svar aparivartam. change or modulation of the voice svar apattanan. "abode of accents", Name of the sāmaveda - . svar aprakaraṇan. Name of work svar aprakriyāf. Name of work svar aprastāram. Name of work svar apṛṣṭhamfn. having the svara -sāman - for a pṛṣṭha - (q.v ) svar apuraṃjayam. Name of a son of śeṣa - svar ārāṣṭakan. Name of work svar aratnabhāṇḍan. Name of work svar aratnakośam. Name of work svar ārāvadhānan. Name of work svar ārṇavam. Name of work svar ārūḍhamfn. ascended to heaven svar asSee gharm/a -svaras - . svar asam. own (unadulterated) juice or essence etc. svar asam. natural or peculiar flavour svar asam. proper taste or sentiment in composition svar asam. a particular astringent juice or decoction svar asam. the sediment of oily substances ground on a stone svar asam. own inclination ( -tas - ,"through own inclination","for pleasure") svar asam. feeling for one's own people svar asam. instinct of self-preservation (?) svar asam. analogy svar asamf(ā - )n. agreeable or pleasant to one's taste, congenial svar asam. Name of a mountain svar asa sva -rāj - etc. See . svar asāmanm. (sv/ara - - ) Name of the three days before and after the viṣuvat - of the gavāmayana - (id est the last three days of the first, and the first three days of the second half-year) svar asāmann. Name of a sāman - . svar asaṃdarbham. equals -saṃkrama - svar asaṃdehavivādam. a kind of round game svar asaṃdhim. the junction or coalition of vowels svar asaṃgraham. Name of work on suppression of the voice and breath (for attaining beatitude). svar asaṃkramam. succession of tones (applied to the musical scale ), rise and fall of the voice, modulation of tone svar asampadf. euphony or melody of voice svar asaṃpannamf(ā - )n. (sv/ara - - ) melodious, harmonious svar asaṃpannamf(ā - )n. having a melodious voice svar asaṃsvāravatmfn. correct in accent svar asamuccayam. Name of work svar asaṃyogam. equals -yoga - svar asaṃyogam. a song svar asaṃyogam. the junction of vowels svar asāram. Name of work svar aśasind. according to the accent svar aśāstran. Name of a class of works on the modulation of sounds or on the passage of the air through the nostrils (especially as bearing on the prognostication of future events) svar aśāstran. Name of work on Vedic. accents. svar asiddhāntacandrikāf. Name of work svar asiddhāntakaumudīf. Name of work svar asiddhāntamañjarīf. Name of work svar asīkṛP. -karoti - , to make into sap or juice svar aśikṣāf. Name of work svar asiṃham. Name of work svar āṣṭran. own kingdom svar āṣṭram. Name of a king svar āṣṭram. plural Name of a people svar āṣṭracintāf. care for one's own country or people svar āṣṭrīyamfn. belonging to one's own kingdom ( svarāṣṭrīyajana -jana - m. plural "own subjects") svar āṣṭrīyajanam. svarāṣṭrīya svar asubodhinīf. Name of work svar aśuddhamfn. correct in musical measure svar aśūnyamfn. unmelodious, unmusical svar asvar ūpan. Name of work svar atāf. the state of (being) voice or a musical sound svar atantran. Name of work svar atattvacamatkāram. Name of work svar atattvodayam. Name of work svar atikramam. stepping beyond heaven id est reaching vaikuṇṭha - svar atikrama svar -adhī ta - etc. See . svar avaidikan. Name of work svar avatmfn. (sv/ara - - ) having sound, sonorous, loud svar avatmfn. having a melodious voice svar avatmfn. having an accent, accentuated svar avatmfn. containing a vowel svar avibhaktif. separation of a vowel (in sāman - -chanting) svar avidhim. Name of a med. work svar avyākhyāf. Name of work svar ayogam. "sound-combination", voice svar ayonim. or f. the ṛc - on which the svara -sāman - is based svar bhānavam. a kind of gem svar bhānavīf. a daughter of svar -bhānu - svar bhānavīyamfn. relating or belonging to svar -bhānu - svar bhāṇum. equals -bhānu - id est rāhu - svar bhānum. (sv^ar - - ) Name of a demon supposed to eclipse the sun and the moon (in later language applied to rāhu - or the personified ascending node) etc. svar bhānum. of a kaśyapa - svar bhānum. of a son of kṛṣṇa - svar bhānusūdanam. "destroyer of rāhu - ", Name of the Sun svar cakṣas(svā r - - ) mfn. brilliant as light svar canamfn. (used in explaining prec.) svar canas(svā r - - ) mfn. "lovely as light"or"pleasing to heaven" svar ci( ) ( ) mfn. flashing beautifully. svar cis( ) mfn. flashing beautifully. svar d (see svad - ) cl.1 A1. svardate - , to taste ; to please ; to be pleasing ; (also sañcaraṇe - .) svar damfn. bestowing heaven svar dāmfn. bestowing heaven svar da svar -dṛś - etc. See p.1281. svar dantinm. a celestial elephant svar devam. Name of a man svar dhāman(sv/ar - - ) mfn. abiding in light svar dhenuf. equals -kāma -dhenu - svar dhinm. a good partisan (or"one who has chosen the good side") svar dhunīf. equals -āpagā - svar dṛśmfn. (Nominal verb k - ) seeing light or the sun (applied to gods and men) svar eṇuf. Name of a wife of the sun (varia lectio sureṇu - and saraṇyū - ) svar gaSee below. svar gamfn. (or suvarg/a - ) going or leading to or being in light or heaven, heavenly, celestial (with lok/a - m. or plural = "the world of light, heavens") etc. svar gam. heaven, the abode of light and of the gods, heavenly bliss, (especially ) indra - 's heaven or paradise (to which the souls of virtuous mortalsSee transferred until the time comes for their re-entering earthly bodies;this temporary heaven is the only heaven of orthodox Brahmanism;it is supposed to be situated on mount meru - q.v ; accusative with gā - , ā - sthā - ,or ā - pad - ,"to go to heaven","die") etc. svar gam. a particular ekā ha - svar gam. Name of a son of the rudra - bhīma - svar gabhartṛm. equals -pati - svar gābhikāmamfn. desirous if heaven, ib. svar gacyutamfn. fallen or descended from heaven svar gadamfn. heaven-giving, procuring paradise svar gadvāran. heaven's gate svar gadvāran. Name of a tīrtha - svar gadvāran. of śiva - svar gadvāreṣṭif. Name of work svar gagamanan. going to heaven, death svar gagāminmfn. going to heaven svar gagatamfn. gone to heaven svar gagatif. svar gagirim. "mountain of heaven", meru - svar gahetauind. for the sake of heaven svar gahvāyamfn. svar gajitmfn. winning heaven (superl. -tama - ) svar gajīvinmfn. dwelling in heaven svar gakāmamfn. desirous of heaven svar gakhaṇḍan. Name of the 3rd book of the padma -purāṇa - . svar galokam. (also in plural ) the celestial world, indra - 's heaven etc. svar galokamfn. belonging to or dwelling in, heaven svar galokeśam. "lord of heaven", indra - svar galokeśam. the body (as enjoying felicity in indra - 's heaven) svar gamanan. "going to heaven", death, future felicity svar gamandākinīf. the celestial Ganges svar gamārgam. the road to heaven svar gamārgam. road of heaven, Milky Way svar gamārgam. Name of a tīrtha - svar gamārgadidṛkṣumfn. wishing to see the road to heaven svar ganarakan. plural the heaven and hells svar gaṅgāf. the heavenly Ganges, the Milky Way svar gapadam. Name of a tīrtha - svar gāpagāf. "heavenly river", the Ganges svar gaparamfn. desirous of heaven svar gaparvann. Name of the 18th book of (in which is described the journey of the five pāṇḍava - princes towards indra - 's heaven in mount meru - ) . svar gapatham. "road of heaven", (prob.) the Milky Way svar gapatim. "lord of heaven", indra - svar gāpavargam. dual number heaven and emancipation svar gapradamfn. equals -da - svar gapradhānamfn. having heaven as the best svar gapurīf. "city of heaven", amarāvatī - svar garājyan. kingdom of heaven svar gārgalam. or n. bar to (the gate of) heaven svar garodaḥkuharam. the void or hollow space between heaven and earth svar gārohaṇan. ascension to heaven, Name of particular funeral ceremonies svar gārohaṇaparvann. equals svarga -parvan - (q.v ) svar gārohaṇikamfn. relating to the 18th book of (with parvan - = prec.) ( ) . svar gārthamind. for the sake of heaven, svar gārūḍhamfn. ascended to heaven svar gasadm. "heaven-dweller", a god or one of the Blest svar gasādhanamfn. means of attaining heaven svar gasaṃkramam. a bridge or ladder to heaven svar gasaṃpādanamfn. procuring or gaining heaven svar gasaridvarāf. "best of heavenly rivers", the Ganges svar gasattraprayogam. Name of work svar gaśrīf. the glory of heaven svar gasthamfn. "dwelling in heaven", dead svar gasthitamfn. idem or 'mfn. "dwelling in heaven", dead ' svar gasthitamfn. equals -sad - svar gastrīf. equals -vadhū - svar gasukhan. the bliss of heaven svar gatamfn. being in heaven svar gatamfn. gone to heaven, dead svar gataraṃgiṇīf. "river of heaven", the Ganges svar gatarṣam. eager desire for heaven svar gatarum. a tree of heaven svar gatif. svar gaukasm. "heaven-dweller", a god, one of the Blest svar gavadhūf. "celestial nymph", an apsaras - svar gavāsam. residence in heaven svar gāvāsam. abode in heaven svar gavatmfn. possessing or enjoying heaven svar gayaNom. A1. yate - , to be like heaven svar gayāṇamf(ī - )n. going or leading to heaven svar gayāṇan. the road to heaven svar gayonif. cause or source of heaven svar gepsumfn. desirous of obtaining heaven svar giin compound for svargin - . svar gigirim. the heavenly mountain, meru - svar ginmfn. belonging to or being in heaven svar ginmfn. gone to heaven, deceased, dead svar ginm. an occupant of heaven, a god, one of the Blest svar girim. "mountain of heaven", su -meru - svar gistrīf. a celestial woman, apsaras - svar givadhū f. a celestial woman, apsaras - svar gīyamfn. relating or belonging to heaven, leading to heaven, heavenly (with kārya - n. = "cremation of the dead") svar gopagamfn. going or coming to heaven svar gyamfn. equals prec. etc. svar gyamfn. occupying or dwelling in heaven svar gyan. (with setu -ṣāman - ) Name of a sāman - . svar haṇan. great reverence svar hatmfn. very honourable ( -tama - ,superl.) svar imfn. noisy, boisterous svar iṅgaṇam. shaking heaven, a strong wind svar itamfn. caused to sound svar itamfn. sounded, having an accent, accentuated svar itamfn. having svarita - accent svar itamfn. added, admixed ( svaritatva -tva - n. ) svar itam. n. the svarita - accent (a kind of mixed tone, produced by a combination of high and low tone, and therefore named in sam -āhāra - ,the high and low tones being called ud -ātta - ,"raised"or"acute", and an -udātta - ,"low"or"grave";the svarita - corresponds to the Greek circumflex and is of four kinds, viz. kṣaipra - [as in vy -/āpta - for v/i -āpta - ], jātya - [as in kv/a - for k/ua - ], praśliṣṭa - [as in div/īva - for div/i iva - ],or abhinihita - [as in t/e 'bruvan - for t/e abruvan - ];it is marked in by a small upright stroke above a syllable;and when produced by an udātta - immediately preceding is sometimes called "a dependent svarita - ", and, when it properly belongs to a word, an"independent svarita - ") svar itatvan. the state of having the svarita - svar itatvan. svarita svar itavākyapaddhatif. Name of work svar itavatmfn. containing the svarita - svar itṛmfn. sounding, noisy, loud, boisterous svar itramf(/ā - )n. having good oars, well rowed svar īyas varia lectio for svaryas - svar jeṣam. the winning of light etc. svar jif. (equals sarji - ) natron, nitrate of potash svar jikam. ( ) idem or 'm. idem or 'f. (equals sarji - ) natron, nitrate of potash ' ' svar jikāf. ( ) ( ) idem or 'm. ( ) idem or 'm. idem or 'f. (equals sarji - ) natron, nitrate of potash ' ' ' svar jikākṣāram. ( ) idem or 'f. ( ) ( ) idem or 'm. ( ) idem or 'm. idem or 'f. (equals sarji - ) natron, nitrate of potash ' ' ' ' svar jikṣāram. idem or 'f. (equals sarji - ) natron, nitrate of potash ' svar jinm. idem or 'm. ( ) idem or 'f. ( ) ( ) idem or 'm. ( ) idem or 'm. idem or 'f. (equals sarji - ) natron, nitrate of potash ' ' ' ' ' svar jitmfn. winning or procuring light or heaven svar jitm. a kind of sacrifice svar jitm. Name of a man (with patronymic nāgnajita - ) svar jyotirnidhanamfn. (sv^ar - - ) having svar -jyotis - as final part svar jyotirnidhanan. Name of a sāman - svar jyotismfn. (sv^ar - - ) shining with heaven's light svar jyotisn. Name of two sāman - s svar kamfn. (fr. 5. su - + arka - , arc - ) singing or praising beautifully svar līnaName of a place svar lokam. the world of heaven, a particular heaven, the region called svar - (see bhuvar - - , bhūr -l - ) svar lokam. Name of mount meru - (also -śikhara - ) svar lokam. an occupant of heaven, a god, one of the Blest ( svarlokatā -tā - f. ) svar lokatāf. svarloka svar madhyan. the central point of the sky, zenith svar maṇim. "sky-jewel", the sun svar mīḷhamfn. having light or the sun as its reward or prize svar mīḷhan. a contest for light svar ṇam. (contracted from su -varṇa - ) a particular agni - svar ṇan. gold (as a weight = one karṣa - of gold) etc. svar ṇan. a kind of red chalk svar ṇan. a kind of plant (according to to ,"a kind of herb",= gaura -suvarṇa - "the thorn-apple","a kind of cocoa palm", and"the flower of Mesua Roxburghii") svar ṇabandha m. a deposit of gold svar ṇabandhakam. a deposit of gold svar ṇabhājm. a particular sun svar ṇabhṛṅgāram. a golden vase svar ṇabhṛṅgāram. a kind of plant svar ṇabhūmikāf. ginger or cassia bark svar ṇabhūṣaṇam. Cassia Fistula svar ṇabhūṣaṇan. a kind of red chalk svar ṇabindum. a spot of yellow or gold svar ṇabindum. Name of viṣṇu - svar ṇabindum. of a tīrtha - svar ṇacūḍam. "gold-crested", the blue jay svar ṇacūḍam. a cock svar ṇacūḍam. Name of a king svar ṇacūḍakam. the blue jay svar ṇacūlam. (prob.) idem or 'm. the blue jay ' svar ṇadamfn. giving gold svar ṇadāf. Tragia Involucrata svar ṇadāmāf. "gold-girdled", Name of a goddess svar ṇadhātum. red ochre svar ṇadīf. equals -āpagā - svar ṇadīf. a kind of shrub (prob. wrong reading for svarṇa -dā - ) svar nadīf. equals -ṇadī - svar ṇadīdhitim. "gold-rayed", fire svar ṇādrim. "gold-mountain", meru - svar ṇadrum. Cassia Fistula svar ṇadugdhā f. Cleome Felina svar ṇadugdhīf. Cleome Felina svar ṇadvīpam. n. "gold-island", (prob.) Name of Sumatra svar ṇagairikan. a kind of yellow ochre or red chalk svar ṇagaṇapatim. Name of a particular form of gaṇe śa - svar nagarīf. "town of heaven", Name of amarāvatī - svar nagarīkṛtamfn. turned into amarāvatī - svar ṇagaurīvratan. Name of a particular religious observance svar ṇagaurīvratapūjāf. Name of a chapter of the svar ṇagharmam. Name of a particular anuvāka - svar ṇagirim. Name of a mountain svar ṇagrāmam. Name of a country situated to the east of Dacca svar ṇagrīvam. "gold-necked"Name of one of skanda - 's attendants svar ṇagrīvāf. Name of a river issuing from the eastern side of the nāṭaka - mountain svar ṇāhvāf. a kind of plant svar ṇajan. "gold-produced", the metal tin svar ṇajātīf. a kind of jasmine svar ṇajātikā f. a kind of jasmine svar ṇajīrī(?) f. a particular mixture svar ṇajīvāf. Hoya Viridiflora svar ṇajīvantikā f. Hoya Viridiflora svar ṇakam. a kind of tree svar ṇakam. gold svar ṇakam. golden, of gold svar ṇakaṇam. a kind of bdellium (equals kaṇa -guggulu - ) svar ṇakaṇikāf. a particle or grain of gold svar ṇakāram. a gold-worker, gold smith (forming a particular caste; svarṇakāratā -tā - f. ) svar ṇākaram. a gold-mine svar ṇakārakam. idem or 'm. a gold-worker, gold smith (forming a particular caste; svarṇakāratā -tā - f. ) ' svar ṇakāratāf. svarṇakāra svar ṇākarṣaṇa n. Name of work svar ṇākarṣaṇabhairavavidhānan. Name of work svar ṇakāyam. "gold-bodied", Name of garuḍa - svar ṇaketakīf. Pandanus Odoratissimus svar ṇakhaṇḍāyaNom. A1. yate - , to become a lump of gold svar ṇakṛtm. equals -kāra - svar ṇakṣīrīf. Cleome Felina svar ṇakṣīriṇikā f. Cleome Felina svar ṇakūṭaName of a place svar ṇalābham. a particular spell recited over weapons (see -nābha - ) svar ṇalatāf. "gold creeper", Cardiospermum Halicacabum svar ṇalatāf. Hoya Viridiflora svar ṇalīor svarṇulī - f. a kind of plant svar ṇamahāf. Name of a river svar ṇamākṣikan. a kind of mineral substance svar ṇamātṛf. a kind of plant svar ṇamayamf(ī - )n. consisting or made of gold svar ṇamukharīmāhātmyan. Name of work svar ṇamūlam. "gold-rooted", Name of a mountain svar ṇamūṣikāf. a kind of plant (prob. wrong reading for -yūthikā - ) svar ṇanābham. ammonite svar ṇanābham. a particular spell recited over weapons svar ṇāṅgam. "gold-bodied", Cassia Fistula svar ṇanibhan. a kind of red chalk svar ṇapadmāf. "bearing gold lotuses", the heavenly Ganges svar ṇapakṣam. "gold-winged", Name of garuḍa - svar ṇapārevatan. a kind of fruit tree svar ṇaparṇīf. "gold-leaved", Hoya Viridiflora svar ṇapāṭhakam. borax svar ṇaphalāf. "having gold fruit", a kind of Musa svar ṇaprastham. Name of an upadvīpa - in jambu -dvīpa - svar ṇapuṅkhamfn. gold-feathered (as an arrow) svar ṇapuṅkham. a gold-feathered arrow svar ṇapuṣpam. "gold-flowered", Cassia Fistula svar ṇapuṣpam. Michelia Campaka svar ṇapuṣpaf(ā - and ī - ). Name of various plants (Methonica Superba, Cassia Fistula etc.) svar ṇapuṣpikāf. jasmine svar ṇaram. (sv^ar - - ) lord of heaven (applied to agni - , the sun, soma - etc.) svar ṇaram. a particular sun svar ṇaran. bright space, ether svar ṇarāga m. white lotus svar ṇarājam. white lotus svar ṇarambhāf. a kind of plant svar ṇarekhāf. a gold streak (on a touchstone) svar ṇarekhāf. Name of a vidyā -dharī - svar ṇarekhāf. of a river svar ṇaretasmfn. having golden seed (said of the sun) svar ṇārin. "enemy of gold", lead svar ṇārin. sulphur svar ṇarītif. gold-like brass, bell metal svar ṇaromanm. "gold-haired", Name of a king svar ṇarūpinmfn. gold-coloured svar ṇaśailam. Name of a mountain svar ṇasaṃcayāf. Name of a town svar ṇaśephālikāf. Cassia Fistula, svar ṇaśikham. a particular bird (equals -cūḍa - ) svar ṇasindūram. a particular medicinal preparation svar ṇaśṛṅgamfn. gold-horned svar ṇaśṛṅginm. Name of a mountain svar ṇasthamfn. set in gold svar ṇaṣṭhīvinm. equals suvarṇa -ṣṭh - svar ṇasūmfn. producing gold (as a mountain) svar ṇaśuktikāf. gold from suvarṇa -dvīpa - svar ṇatantran. Name of a tantra - . svar ṇavajran. a sort of steel svar ṇavalkalam. "having gold bark", Bignonia Indica svar ṇavallīf. a kind of plant (equals rakta -phalā - ) svar ṇavaṅgam. a particular preparation made of tin svar ṇavaṇijm. a gold merchant, money-changer (forming a particular caste) svar ṇavarṇan. turmeric (alsof(ā - ). ) svar ṇavarṇābhāf. a species of plant svar ṇavarṇabhājf. Terminalia Chebula svar ṇavidyāf. (prob.) the art of making gold svar nayanamfn. leading to heaven svar ṇayūthīyellow jasmine svar ṇetṛmfn. guide to heaven (as a Name of a king) svar ṇidhanan. svar - as a conclusion svar ṇītamfn. led to heaven svar ṇṛ(svā r - - ) m. lord of heaven (applied to agni - and the marut - s) svar ocas(sv/a - - ) mfn. self-shining (varia lectio -rocis - ). svar ocif. own ray (plural ) svar ocismfn. svar ocisn. own light svar ocis(sv/a - - ) mfn. self-shining svar ocism. Name of a son of the gandharva - kali - by the apsaras - varūthinī - svar ociṣa wrong reading for svār - svar odayamfn. followed by a vowel svar odayamn. Name of a class of works. (equals svara -śāstra - q.v ) svar odayavicāram. Name of work svar odayayuddhanirṇayam. Name of work svar opadhamfn. having a vowel as penultimate letter svar opaghātam. "voice-destruction", hoarseness svar opaghātinmfn. suffering from it svar patimfn. (sv^ar - - ) lord of light svar patimfn. Name of indra - svar ṣāmfn. equals -vid - svar ṣāti(svā r - - ) f. the acquiring light or heaven svar t varia lectio for śvart - q.v svar thamf(ā - )n. pursuing or serving worthy ends svar um. (of doubtful derivation) a large piece of wood cut from the trunk of a tree, stake, (especially ) sacrificial post or a strip of wood from it svar um. a sacrifice svar um. sunshine svar um. a thunderbolt svar um. an arrow svar um. a kind of scorpion svar ucif. own will or pleasure svar ucimfn. following one's own pleasure svar ucyāind. according to one's own will svar uhmfn. self-growing, self-increasing svar umocanam. the third cubit from the bottom or the fifteenth from the top of the sacrificial post svar ūpan. (in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' f(ā - ). ) one's own form or shape, the form or shape of (genitive case or compound ;with or without śabdasya - or śabda -sva -r - ,"a word itself or in its own form"[ opp. to its synonyms or varieties];with nāmnām - = "names themselves") etc. svar ūpan. own condition, peculiarity, character, nature (eṇa - or in the beginning of a compound ,"by nature","in reality""by itself") etc. svar ūpan. peculiar aim svar ūpan. kind, sort svar ūpan. a particular relation (in philosophy See under sambandha - ) svar ūpan. occurrence, event svar ūpamfn. having one's own peculiar form or character svar ūpamfn. having a like nature or character, similar, like, (wrong reading for sa -r - ) svar ūpamfn. pleasing, handsome (for sa -r - ) svar ūpamfn. wise, learned svar ūpam. Name of a daitya - svar ūpam. of a son of su -nandā - svar ūpam. of a pupil of caitanya - svar ūpam. or n. Name of a place svar ūpāf. Name of a place svar ūpabhāvam. (a short word) whose essence is of the same efficacy (as that of the full form) svar ūpācāryam. Name of a teacher svar ūpadhārinmfn. having one's own form svar ūpagatamfn. endowed with one's own form or nature, having a like character svar ūpakanf(ikā - ). an image of (genitive case ) svar ūpakanf(ikā - ). (in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' ) own condition, peculiarity, character, nature svar ūpākhyastotran. Name of work svar ūpanirṇayam. Name of work svar ūpanirūpaṇan. Name of work svar ūpānusaṃdhānan. Name of work svar ūpānusaṃdhānastotran. Name of work svar ūpaprakāśam. Name of work svar ūpasambandharūpan. Name of work svar ūpasambodhanan. Name of work svar ūpasambodhanapañcaviṃśativṛttif. Name of work svar ūpāsiddhif. a form of non-proof (where the quality alleged to belong to a subject is not really proved) svar ūpatāf. (or svarūpatātva -tva - n. ) the state of one's own form or nature (tayā - ,"literally","in reality") svar ūpatāf. the having a natural form, identity of form or nature svar ūpatāf. wrong reading for su -rūpa -tā - svar ūpatasind. in one's own form svar ūpatasind. according to one's own form, analogously, similarly, identically svar ūpatasind. by nature, in reality, by itself svar ūpatasind. (to godāna -prayogaḥ -Name of work ) svar ūpatātvan. svarūpatā svar ūpavatmfn. having the form of (compound ) svar ūpinmfn. having one's own or natural form svar ūpinmfn. appearing in the form of (in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' ) svar ūpinmfn. embodied svar ūpinmfn. having essential properties svar ūpinmfn. identical svar ūpopaniṣadf. Name of an upaniṣad - . svar ūpotprekṣāf. a kind of simile svar usm. equals svaru - , a thunderbolt svar vadhūf. equals -yoṣit - svar vāhinīf. equals -āpagā - svar vaidyam. "physician of heaven", Name of either of the two aśvin - s ( -pratima - ," apsaras - -like") svar vannidhanamfn. svarvat svar vāpīf. "stream of heaven", the Ganges svar vatmfn. (sv^ar - - or s/uvar - - ) bright, shining, celestial svar vatmfn. containing the word svar - ( svarvannidhana van -nidhana - mfn. applied to a sāman - ; see svar -ṇidhana - ) svar vatm. a good or swift courser svar veśyāf. "courtezan of heaven", an apsaras - svar vidmfn. winning or possessing or bestowing light or heaven, celestial svar vīthif. Name of the wife of vatsara - svar yaSee . svar yamf(ā - ,Ved. ī - )n. resounding, roaring, crashing, loud svar yamf(ā - ,Ved. ī - )n. beneficial to the voice svar yānan. the act of going to heaven, dying, death svar yasn. (with viṣṇoḥ - ) Name of sāman - s svar yaśasn. the glory of heaven svar yātamfn. gone to heaven, dead svar yātṛmfn. going to heaven, dying svar yoṣitf. a celestial woman, an apsaras - svar yumfn. desirous of light or splendour ābhāsvar a mfn. ( ) shining, bright ābhāsvar a m. Name of a class of deities, sixty-four in number ābhāsvar a m. Name of a particular set of twelve subjects (ātmā jñātā damo dāntaḥ śāntir jñānaṃ śamas tapaḥ kāmaḥ krodho mado moho dvādaśā bhāsvarā ime - ) abhisvar f. (instrumental case -sv/arā - ) invocation abhisvar e ind. dative case "for calling into one's presence", just behind (with genitive case ) abhisvar tṛ m. an invoker ādisvar ita mfn. having the Svarita accent on the first syllable, VPra1t., Scholiast or Commentator aikasvar ya n. (fr. eka -svara - ), the state of having but one accent (as of a compound) on aikasvar ya n. sameness of tone, monotony alpasvar a mfn. having a feeble voice, alpasvar a containing few vowels, aṃśasvar a m. key-note or chief note in music. āndhāsvar a n. a particular mode of singing, antasvar ita m. the svarita - accent on the last syllable of a word antasvar ita n. a word thus accentuated. anubhūtisvar ūpācārya m. Name of the author of the grammar sārasvatī -prakriyā - . apasvar a m. an unmusical note or sound apasvar a mfn. singing out of tune, ārtasvar a m. a cry of pain asvar a mfn. not loud (as the voice), indistinct asvar a mfn. having no vowel Up having no accent asvar a mfn. having a bad or croaking voice asvar ādi mfn. not beginning with a vowel. asvar aka mfn. unaccentuated asvar am ind. in low tone, indistinctly asvar gya mfn. not leading to heaven asvar ita mfn. not having the accent called svarita - asvar ūpa mfn. essentially different asvar ūpa mfn. shapeless (opposed to rūpa -vat - ) asvar ya mfn. not good for the voice, asvar yogya mfn. uuworthy of heaven, avanīsvar a m. "lord of the earth", a king avisvar arm ind. without dissonance bahusvar a mfn. many-syllabled, containing more than two syllables bahusvar atva n. bahusvar ṇalakṣamūlya mfn. worth many hundred thousand pieces of gold, bahvīsvar amāhātmya n. Name of work bhāgavatapurāṇasvar ūpaviṣayakaśaṅkānirāsa m. Name of work connected with the bhagavatsvar ūpa n. Name of work bhagavatsvar ūpaviṣayaśaṅkānirāsa m. Name of work bhāṣikasvar a m. equals brāhmaṇasvara - bhāsvar a mf(ā - )n. shining, brilliant, bright, resplendent etc. bhāsvar a m. the sun bhāsvar a m. a day bhāsvar a m. Name of a satellite of the god of the sun bhāsvar a m. of a Buddhist deity (?) bhāsvar a n. Costus Arabicus or Speciosus bhāsvar avarṇa (bh/āsv - ) mfn. light-coloured, having the colour of light bhinnasvar a mfn. having a broken or changed voice bhinnasvar a mfn. discordant bhinnasvar amukhavarṇa mfn. having a broken or changed voice and complexion bhīṣmagarjitaghoṣasvar arāja m. Name of a number of buddha - s bhīṣmasvar arāja m. "king of terrible sounds", Name of a buddha - bhūsvar ga m. "heaven on earth", Name of the mountain sumeru - bhūsvar gāya Nom. A1. yate - , to become a heaven on earth bilasvar ga m. "subterranean heaven", the lower regions, hell brāhmaṇasvar a m. the accent usual in a brāhmaṇa - brahmasvar ūpa mfn. of the nature or essence of the one self-existing Spirit candraprabhāsvar arāja m. Name of several buddha - s. cātuḥsvar ya n. the use of 4 (svara - ) accents, (viz. traisvarya - and eka -śruti - ) caturthasvar a m. having the 4th tone or accent caturthasvar a n. Name of a sāman - . citsvar ūpa n. pure thought devatāsvar ūpavicāra m. Name of work devīsvar ūpastuti f. Name of stotra - dhīrapraśāntasvar a mfn. dhīrapraśānta dīrghasvar a m. equals -varṇa - dīrghatapaḥsvar gagamana n. "the story of a long penance", and"going to heaven by long penance", Name of 2 chapters of the dundubhisvar a m. "having drum-like voice", Name of a man dundubhisvar anirghoṣa m. Name (also title or epithet) of a tathāgata - , . dundubhisvar arāja m. Name of several buddha - s. dūrasvar ga mfn. having heaven distant, far off from heaven (varia lectio re -sv - ). dvisvar a mfn. 2-syllabled dvisvar a mfn. doubly accented dvitīyasvar a n. Name of a sāman - . ekānekasvar ūpa mfn. simple yet manifold gadgadasvar a mf(ā - )n. idem or 'mfn. idem or 'mfn. idem or 'mfn. idem or 'mfn. (speech) stopped by sobs, ' ' ' ' gadgadasvar a m. stammering utterance gadgadasvar a m. a buffalo gadgadasvar a m. Name of a bodhi -sattva - gambhīrasattvasvar anābhi mfn. equals tri -g - (See above) gharmasvar as (rm/a - - ) mfn. sounding like the contents of a boiler (said of rivers) ghasvar a mfn. voracious ghorasvar a mfn. of dreadful sound girirajaghoṣesvar a m. Name (also title or epithet) of a tathāgata - , grahasvar a m. the 1st note of a musical piece. hastasvar alakṣaṇa n. Name of work hatasvar a mfn. one who has lost his voice, hoarse hīnasvar a mfn. defective in sound, soundless ( hīnasvaratā -tā - f. ) hīnasvar atā f. hīnasvara hīṣīsvar a n. Name of a sāman - homasvar ottara n. Name of a tantra - work hrasvar oman m. "short-haired", Name of a king of videha - (son of svarṇa -roman - ) jaladharagarjitaghoṣasusvar anakṣatrarājasaṃkusumitābhijña m. "having a voice musical as the sound of the thunder of the clouds and conversant with the appearance of the regents of the nakṣatra - s", Name of a buddha - , jitasvar ga mfn. equals -loka - . kākasvar a m. a shrill tone. kalasvar a n. a low musical sound kālasvar ūpa mfn. having the very form of death (applied to any terrific object). kalaviṅkasvar a m. a kind of samādhi - (q.v ) kalaviṅkasvar a mfn. having a voice (soft) as a sparrow's, kaṇṭhyasvar a m. a guttural vowel (id est a - and ā - ) kapisvar a m. Name of a man. kārtasvar a n. (fr. kṛta -sv - ), gold kārtasvar a n. the thorn-apple kasvar a mfn. kasvar a See 1. kas - . kharasvar ā f. wild jasmine (vana -mallikā - ) kiṃsvar ūpa mf(ā - )n. of what characteristics? commentator or commentary on kṛtasvar a mfn. having the original accent krūrasvar a mfn. crying frightfully kṣudrasvar ṇa n. equals -suvarṇa - kuhakasvar a m. idem or 'm. a wild cock (Phasianus gallus) ' kūṭasvar ṇa n. alloyed or counterfeit gold madhuracārumañjusvar atā f. the having a sweet and agreeable and pleasant voice (one of the 80 minor marks of a buddha - ) madhurasvar a mfn. sweetly-sounding, sweet-voiced ( madhurasvaram am - ind. ) etc. madhurasvar a m. Name of a gandharva - madhurasvar am ind. madhurasvara madhusvar a m. "sweet-voiced", the Indian cuckoo madhyamasvar a m. the middle or dominant note madhyamasvar a mfn. spoken in a middle tone (not too loud and not too low) madhyasvar ita mfn. having the svarita - accent on the middle syllable mahābhāsvar a mfn. equals -bhāsura - mahāghoṣasvar arāja m. Name of a bodhi -sattva - mahāmohasvar ottaratantra n. Name of work mahāsvar a mfn. loud-sounding mānasvar ūpa n. the nature of honour mānasvar ūpābhijñatva n. knowledge of the nature of honour mandrasvar a m. having the low or base tone maṅgalasvar a m. a sea-shell maṇisvar atīrtha n. Name of a tīrtha - mañjusvar a mfn. idem or 'mfn. sweet-sounding ' mañjusvar a m. equals -śrī - manojñasvar a m. Name of a gandharva - mataṃgapārasnesvar a m. Name of work meghadundubhisvar arāja m. Name of a buddha - meghasvar a m. Name of two buddha - s meghasvar arāja m. Name of two buddha - s nagasvar ūpiṇī f. a kind of metre nagesvar a m. idem or 'm. of kailāsa - or of śiva - ' , Name of himā laya - narakasvar gaprāptiprakāravarṇana n. "description of the mode of obtaining heaven and hell", Name of chapter of the māghamāhātmya - . naṣṭahīnavikalavikṛtasvar a mfn. whose voice has been lost or become feeble or deficient or changed naṣṭahīnavikalavikṛtasvar atā f. nīlasvar ūpa n. a kind of metre niṣekasvar ā f. Name of work nisvar a mfn. soundless, noiseless nisvar a m. Name of agni - (varia lectio ni -svan/a - ). nisvar am ind. noiselessly. nyāyasvar ūpanirūpaṇa n. Name of work pañcamasvar a n. Name of a metre, pañcasvar ā f. Name of an astrology work on divination pañcasvar ānirṇaya m. Name of commentator or commentary pañcasvar odaya m. Name of work paramabhāsvar a mfn. excessively radiant pārthivesvar a m. idem or 'm. the chief or greatest of princes ' pesvar a mfn. ( ) going, moving pesvar a mfn. destructive pesvar a mfn. splendid pikasvar ā f. "cuckoo's note", Name of a surā ṅganā - prabhāsvar a mfn. idem or '( ) mfn. shining forth, shining brightly, brilliant.' prabhāsvar a mfn. clear, shrill (as a voice) prabhāsvar ā f. a particular mythical plant pracayasvar a m. "accumulated tone", the tone occurring in a series of unaccented syllables following a svarita - pracitasvar a m. equals pracaya -svara - . prākṛtalaṅkesvar a m. Name of work prātarvikasvar a mfn. rising early prathamasvar a m. the first sound prathamasvar a mfn. supplied with the first sound prathamasvar a n. Name of a sāman - pratisvar a m. ( svar - ) a rever berated sound, echo pratisvar a m. a focus pratyaksvar ūpa m. Name of an author pratyāsvar a mfn. ( svṛ - ) shining back, reflecting pratyayasvar a m. (in gram.) an accent on an affix prauḍhasvar am ind. with a strong or loud voice pūrvapadaprakṛtisvar a mfn. having the original accent of the first member of a compound pūrvasvar a m. (in gram.) having the accent of the preceding rāgarāgiṇīsvar ūpavelāvarṇana n. Name of work rājarājesvar a m. (prob.) Name of śiva - rājarājesvar ayogakathā f. Name of work rājasvar ṇa m. a kind of thorn apple raticaraṇasamantasvar a m. Name of a gandharva - ṛṣisvar a mfn. praised by ṛṣi - s rudrasvar ga m. rudra - 's heaven rūkṣasvar a mfn. harsh-sounding ( rūkṣasvaram am - ind. ) rūkṣasvar a m. an ass rūkṣasvar am ind. rūkṣasvara rūpyasvar ṇamaṇimaya mf(ī - )n. consisting of silver and gold and (or) jewels sagadgadasvar am ind. idem or 'mfn. with or having a faltering or stammering voice, ' samasvar a mfn. having the same or a similar tone or accent śaṅkhasvar a prob. wrong reading for saṃkasvara - = saṃkasuka - , śaṅkukarṇesvar a m. a particular form of śiva - śaṅkukarṇesvar a n. Name of a liṅga - sānusvar ita mfn. (prob.) resounding, re-echoing sarvasvar ahasya n. Name of work sarvasvar alakṣaṇa n. Name of work sarvasvar ita mfn. having only the svarita - (q.v ) sarvasvar ṇamaya mf(ī - )n. entirely golden sasvar ind. (of unknown derivation) , secretly (see ) . sasvar a mfn. sounding, having the same sound with (instrumental case or compound ) sasvar a mfn. having accent, accentuated sasvar am ind. loudly sasvar tā ind. idem or 'ind. (of unknown derivation) , secretly (see ) .' ṣaṭcakrasvar ūpa n. Name of work śaunakīyasvar āṣṭaka n. Name of work sausvar ya n. (fr. su -svara - ) euphony śikṣāsvar a m. equals śikṣā kṣara - n. śivasvar ūpamantra m. Name of work śivasvar ūpapūjā f. Name of work śivasvar ūpapūjāvidhi m. Name of work sotkṛṣṭahasitasvar a mfn. accompanied by loud laughter śrīsvar ūpa m. Name of a disciple of caitanya - śrīsvar ūpiṇī f. having the nature of śrī - (applied to rādhā - ) strīsvar ūpa mfn. having a women's shape or figure strīsvar ūpavat mfn. having a women's shape or figure strīsvar ūpin mfn. idem or 'mfn. having a women's shape or figure ' subhāsvar a mfn. shining brightly, radiant, splendid subhāsvar a m. plural Name of a class of deceased ancestors śuklabhāsvar a mfn. shining bright śuktasvar a mfn. (said to be) equals a -vyakta -svara - (Scholiast or Commentator ) susvar a m. the right tone or accent susvar a mf(ā - )n. having a beautiful voice susvar a mf(ā - )n. well-sounding, harmonious, melodious ( susvaram am - ind. ) susvar a mf(ā - )n. loud ( susvaram am - ind. ) etc. susvar a m. a conch susvar a m. Name of a son of garuḍa - susvar am ind. susvara susvar am ind. susvara susvar u mfn. (of unknown meaning) (= śobhana -gamana - or -stutika - ) suvratasvar a m. Name of an asura - svasvar uci mfn. plural every one brilliant in his own way svasvar ūpa n. one's true character svasvar ūpa n. Name of work tānasvar a mfn. uttered monotonously, tārasvar a mfn. sounding loud tathāsvar a mfn. uttered with the same accent traisvar ya n. (gaRa caturvarṇā di - ) the 3 accents on tṛtīyasvar a n. "3rd tune", Name of a sāman - . uccaiḥsvar a mfn. crying aloud, ūpāsvar a n. the way in which the ūpā - is sung, ibidem or 'in the same place or book or text' as the preceding , Scholiast or Commentator vaikuṇṭhasvar ga m. equals -bhuvana - vaisvar ya mfn. (fr. vi -svara - ) depriving of voice, vaisvar ya n. loss of voice or language vaisvar ya n. different accentuation vākyasvar a m. the accent in a word or sentence vicitrālaṃkārasvar a m. Name of a serpent-demon vidhisvar ūpavādārtha m. Name of work vidhisvar ūpavicāra m. Name of work vikasvar a mfn. opened (as eyes) vikasvar a mfn. expanded, blown vikasvar a mfn. clear (as sound) vikasvar a mfn. candid vikasvar ūpa (?) m. Name of a man virajastejaḥsvar a m. Name of a serpent-demon virāṭsvar āja m. a particular ekā ha - virāṭsvar ūpa mfn. consisting of virāj - (applied to the supreme Being) viṣṇusvar ūpadhyānādivarṇana n. Name of work viśuddhasvar anirghoṣā f. a particular dhāraṇī - visvar a m. discord visvar a mfn. having no sound visvar a m. dissonant, discordant ( visvaram am - ind. ) etc. visvar a m. pronounced with a wrong accent ( visvaram am - ind. ) visvar a vi -svāda - See . visvar am ind. visvara visvar am ind. visvara vṛṣabhasvar gavidhāna n. Name of work vyākhyāsvar a m. "tone of exposition", the middle tone (in speech) yajurvedakriyāsvar alakṣaṇa n. Name of work yathāprāptasvar a m. a regular accent yathāsvar am ind. according to to the sound yogasvar odaya m. Name of work yuddharatnasvar a m. Name of work yugapradhānasvar ūpa n.
svar abhakti f. vowel portion, i. e. vocalic sound heard after r or l when im mediately followed by a consonant; -bhûta, pp. become a vowel (i. e. changed from a semi-vowel + vowel to i or u); -bheda, m. indistinctness of voice, hoarseness; simulation of voice; betrayal by one's voice; difference of accent; difference of musical tones: in. in a feigned voice: -bhaya, n. fear of betraying one's voice; -yoga, m.combination of sounds, voice; (svára)-vat, a. (Br.) sounding loud; having a melodious voice; accented (also C.). svar aṃkṛta pp. well-prepared (sacrifice; RV.1). svar asa m. own or unmixed juice; feeling for one's own people; own inclina tion; a. to one's taste, congenial (wife). svar asaṃyoga m. combination of sounds, voice; continuous notes (of a song); -samsvâra-vat, a. having correctness of ac cent, rightly intoned (verse); -samkrama, m. harmony of tone, modulation of voice; -samdeha-vivâda, m. kind of social game; -sampad, f. euphony of voice, melodious voice; (svára)-sâman, m. ep. of the three days before and after the Vishuvat of the Gavâmayana (=the last three days of the first, and the first of the second half-year). svar ga a. (V.) going or leading to the light or heaven, celestial; w. loká, m. (also pl.) world of light, the heavens; m. (V., C.) heaven (abode of the gods and the Blest); heavenly bliss: -kâma, a. desiring heaven; -gati, f. going to heaven; death; -gâmin, a. going to heaven; -kyuta, pp. come down from heaven. svar gadvāra n. gate of heaven; -pati, m. lord of heaven, ep. of Indra; -purî, f. city of heaven, Amarâvatî; -pratikkhanda, m. pl. heaven-like joys; -bhartri, m. lord of heaven, ep. of Indra; -mandâkinî, f. celestial Mandâkinî (Ganges); -mârga, m. way to heaven; celestial path, milky way: -didrik shu, des. a. desirous of seeing the road to heaven; -yâna, n. way to heaven; -yoni, f. object securing heaven; -râgya, n. kingdom of heaven; -loka, m. (sts. pl.) celestial world, heaven; -strî, f. celestial nymph, Apsaras; -stha, a. dwelling in heaven, dead; -sthita, pp. id.; m. god; one of the Blest. svar gāmin a. going or having gone to heaven; dying, dead. svar gārohaṇa n. ascension (to heaven); -½argala, m. or n. bar to (the gate of) heaven. svar gata pp. gone to or being in heaven; dead. svar gataraṅgiṇī f. river of heaven; ep. of the Ganges; -taru, m. tree of paradise. svar gati f. going to heaven; death. svar gaukas m. dweller in heaven, god; one of the Blest. svar gin a. possessing heaven; gone to heaven, dead; m. god; one of the Blest; -îya, a. relating to heaven, celestial; leading to heaven. svar gya a. leading to heaven, celestial; securing heavenly bliss; possessing heaven. svar ita cs. pp. (√ svar) caused to sound etc.; m. n. Svarita accent (produced by a combined rise and fall of the voice): -tva, n. accentuation with the Svarita accent; addition. svar jit a. winning light or heaven (V.); m. kind of sacrifice (C.). svar ka a. singing beautifully (V.). svar ṇa n. [contracted from suvarna] gold; as a weight=one Karsha of gold; kind of red chalk (rare): -ka, n. gold; -kâra, m. goldsmith; -khandâ-ya, den. Â. become a piece of gold; -kûda, m. blue jay;N. of a king; -kûla, m. blue jay; -da, a. giving gold. svar ṇadī f. celestial river, Ganges. svar ṇadvīpa m. n. (=suvarna-) gold island, prob.=Sumatra; -dhurya, n. sg. gold and a beast of burden; -pu&ndot;kha, a. having a golden-feathered end (arrow); m. arrow with a golden-feathered end; -bhri&ndot; gâra, m. golden water-pot; -mûla, m. N. of a mountain. svar ṇara m. lord of splendour, ep. of Agni, of the Sun, and of Soma (V.). svar ṇarekhā f. gold streak (on the touchstone); N. of a fairy; -sikha, m. (golden-crested), blue jay; -sû, a. producing gold (mountain); -½âkara, m. gold mine. svar tha a. travelling to fair goals, directed to worthy ends (RV.). svar u m. (V.) stake, sacrificial post; splinter of the sacrificial post (rit.). svar uci f. own will or pleasure; in. according to one's own will; a. following one's own pleasure; -rûpa, n. own form or shape; form of (g., --°ree;); word itself (±sabda or sabdasya; opp. synonyms, species); own condition, peculiarity, character, nature; oc currence, event (rare): nâmnâm --, names themselves: °ree;-or -tas, ad. in one's own form; by nature, in reality; by itself: -tâ, f. own form: in. literally, in reality,-dhârin, a. having one's own form, -bhâva, m. use of the true form (of a name); -rûpin, a. having one's own or natural form; appearing in the form of (--°ree;); embodied; -rûpa½utprekshâ, f. kind of simile; (svá)-rokis,a. self-lu minous. svar vat a. bright, celestial (V.); -vâhinî, f. celestial river, Ganges; -víd, a. winning or possessing light or heaven, celes tial (V.); -vesyâ, f. celestial courtesan, Ap saras; -vaidya, m. du. the two celestial physicians, Asvins; -sh&asharp;, RV. a. [√ sâ= √ san]=-víd; (svãr)-shâti, f. winning of light or heaven (RV.). svar ya a. (â, C.; -&isharp;, V.) resounding, bellowing, roaring, whizzing, crashing (RV.); beneficial to the voice (C.). svar yāta pp. gone to heaven; dead; -yoshit, f. celestial nymph, Apsaras; -loka, m. celestial world; ep. of Mount Meru; -va dhû, f. celestial nymph, Apsaras. abhisvar e lc. prp. (within call), behind (g.). asvar gya a. not leading to heaven. asvar gayogya a. unfit for heaven. asvar ita a. not having the svarita accent: -tva, n. abst. n. kārtasvar amaya a. golden and sounding piteous. ghuṣṭasvar a a. with a loud voice; -½anna, n. food offered by invitation. bhāsvar a a. shining, radiant, bril liant. madhurasvar a a. uttering a sweet sound; mellifluous (speech). sasvar a a. identical in sound with (--°ree;); having the same accent as (in.); ac cented: -m, ad. loudly; -svâhâ-kâra, a. accompanied with the exclamation svâhâ; -sveda, a. perspiring. sasvar ad. (RV.) secretly; without (ab.). sausvar ya n. [susvara] euphony.
anubhūtisvar ūpācārya a writer of the twelfth century who wrote a work on grammar called सरस्वती-प्रक्रिया or सारस्वतप्रक्रिया, He has also written धातुपाठ and आख्यातप्रक्रिया. The grammar is a short one and is studied in some parts of India. anekasvar a having many vowels or syllables in it; the same as अनेकाच् of Pāṇini; confer, compare Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. III. 4.46 aprakṛtisvar atva non-retention of the original word accents; confer, compare तत्र यस्य गतेरप्रकृतिस्वरत्वं तस्मादन्तेादात्वं प्राप्नोति Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on VI.2.49. See the word प्रकृतिस्वरत्व. abhisvar ita provided with a svarita or circumflex accent. asvar aka untoned; a word without an accent, as different from a word which has an accent,but which is not uttered with that accent: cf अक्रियमाणे ह्युपदेशिवद्भावे...अान्तर्यत अांदेशा अस्वरकाणामस्वरकाः स्युः M.Bh. on VII. 1.2, VII. 1. 89. ekasvar a possessed of one vowel,monosyllabic; a term used by Hemacandra in his grammar for the term एकाच् of Pāṇini: confer, compare आद्योंश एकस्वरे Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. IV.1.2, which means the same as एकाचेा द्वे प्रथमस्य P.VI.1.1. ekādeśasvar a an accent prescribed for the single substitute,as, for instance, by rules like उदात्तस्वरितयोर्यणः स्वरितोनुदात्तस्य and the following rules P. VI.2.4, 5 and 6. aikasvar ya having only one principal accent (Udātta or Svarita) for the whole compound word which is made up of two or more individual words confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. I.1.29. kṛtsvar a the same as कृदुत्तरपदप्रकृतिस्वर, the retention of its accent by the second member of a tatpuruṣa compound, if the first member is a word termed Gati or Kāraka, by the rule गतिकारकोपपदात् कृत् P.VI.2. 139; confer, compare अव्ययस्वरस्य कृत्स्वरः M.Bh. on VI.2.52; confer, compare विभक्तीषत्स्वरात्कृत्स्वरः M.Bh. VI.2.52 Vārt, 6. jātisvar a the acute accent for the last vowel of a word ending with क्त of the past passive participle. denoting a genus; confer, compare P. VI. 2.170. titsvar a the circumflex accent possessed by an affix marked with the mute letter त्. See तित्. tresvar ya (1) use of the three accents acute, grave and circumflex at the time of the recital of the Veda; त्रयः स्वरा एव त्रैस्वर्यम्; confer, compare चातुर्वर्ण्यादीनां स्वार्थॆ उपसंख्यानम् । त्रैलोक्यम् , त्रैस्यर्यम् Kas, on P. V. 1. 124. confer, compare also यद्येवं त्रैस्वर्ये न प्रकल्पते तत्र को दोषः। त्रैस्वर्येणाधीमहॆ इत्येतन्नोपपद्यते । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. I. 2.31. dvisvar a possessed of two vowels,dissyllabic; confer, compare न पदे द्विस्वरे नित्यम् Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. XVI. 17. द्विस्स्पृष्ट a term used for an upadhmaniya letter or a phonetic element resulting from a visarga followed by the letter प्, or फ़्. See उपध्मांनीय.The word is also used sometimes for the pronunciation ळ् of ड्, and ळ्ह् of ढ्. See दुःस्पृष्ट. nañsvar abalīyastva the superiority, or strength of the accent caused by नञ्समास which sets aside the accent caused by the case affix; confer, compare विभक्तिस्वरान्नञ्स्वरो बलीयान् P. VI. 2.158 Vart. 13, napuṃsakasvar a the special accent viz. the acute accent for the first vowel for nouns in the neuter gender excepting those that end in इस्, as prescribed by नबिषयस्यानिसन्तस्य Phitsutra 11; confer, compare नपुंसकस्वरो मा भूत् M.Bh. on P.VII.1.77. nipātanasvar a the accent, with which the Nipatana word is expressed in the Sutra, which is said to prevail over the accent which ordinarily should be possessed by the word; confer, compare स निपातनस्वरः प्रकृतिस्वरस्य बाधको भविष्यति M.Bh. on P.I.1.56 Vart. 23; confer, compare also M.Bh. on I.3.3, VI.1.123 et cetera, and others . niyatasvar a (1) an affix whose accent is definitely given by an indicatory mute letter applied to it; confer, compare M.Bh. on I.1.3; (2) the grave accent; a syllable with a grave accent; grave vowel; confer, compare नियतस्वरोदये R.Pr.XI.25; (3) name of a Samdhi when a visarga is changed into रेफ and then omitted and the preceding vowel is lengthened; cf ह्रस्वस्याकामनियता उभाविमौ R.Pr. IV.9; confer, compare also P. VIII.3.14 and VI.3.111. parādisasvar a a consonant belonging to the succeeding vowel in sylllabication; confer, compare R.Pr.I.15. pūrvapadaprakṛtisvar a retention of the original acute accent of the first member in a compound as is generally noticed in the bahuvrihi compound and in special cases in other compounds; cf बहुव्रीहौ प्रकृत्या पूर्वपदम् and the following rules P. WI. 2.1 to 63. pūrvāntasasvar a belonging to the previous vowel in syllabication; e. g. a consonant at the end of a word or the first in a consonant group ( संयोग ). prakrutisvar a the accent id est, that is the acute accent ( उदात्त ) possessed by the original word as contrasted with the accent of the afix ( प्रत्ययस्वर ) which (latter) is looked upon as more powerful; confer, compare (बहुव्रीहौ) पूर्वपदं प्रकृतिस्वरं भवति M.Bh, on II.I.24, II. 2.29 Vart. 17, See Panini Sutras VI.2.1 to 63. pratyayasvar a an accent caused by virtue of the affix which is added; confer, compare यथैव हि निपातनस्वरः प्रकृतिस्वरं बाधेत एवं प्रत्ययस्वरमपि बाधेत । लतिशिष्टत्वाप्रत्ययस्वरो भविष्यति । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. I.I 56 Vart. 23. prātipadikasvar a the general accent of the Pratipadika viz. the acute ( उदात्त ) for the last vowel as given by the Phit sutra फिषः ( प्रातिपदिकस्य ) अन्त उदात्तः; confer, compare also प्रातिपदिकस्वरस्यावकाशः । अाम्रः । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. VI. 1.91 Vart. 7. bahuvrīhiprakṛtisvar a the accent peculiar to, or specifically mentioned in the case of the Bahuvrihi compound viz. the retention of its own accents by the first member, in spite of the general rule that a compound word has the last vowel accented acute id est, that is उदात्त. confer, compare बहुव्रीहौ प्रकृत्या पूर्वपदम्. P. VI. 2.1. The expression बहुव्रीहिस्वर in this very sense is used in the Mahabhasya confer, compare बहुव्रीहिस्वरं शास्ति समासान्तविधेः सुकृत् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. VI. 2.1. litsvar a the acute accent for the vowel immediately preceding the affix caused by that affix being marked with the mute consonant ल्. See लित् a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. ; confer, compare अनुदात्तत्वं क्रियतां लित्स्वर इति किमत्र कर्तव्यम् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. II. 4.33. vibhāktisvar apratirūpaka similar in form to a word ending in a case-affix or to a vowel. Such words are looked upon, and are treated as indeclinables exempli gratia, for example शनै:, चिरेण, अस्ति, उ, ए et cetera, and others ; confer, compare the usual expressions तिडन्तप्रतिरूपकमव्ययम् et cetera, and others confer, compare विभक्तिस्वरप्रतिरूपकाश्च निपाता भवन्ति Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. VIII.3.1: confer, compare also उपसर्गविभक्तिस्वरप्रतिरूपकाश्च निपाताः । a gaṇasūtra inside the चादिगण mentioned in P.I.4.57. visvar a characterized by a faulty or incorrect accent, which is looked upon as a fault of pronunciation. śatṛsvar a the acute accent specifically stated for the vowel of the caseaffix beginning with a vowel et cetera, and others prescribed by the rule शतुरनुमे। नद्यजादी P. VI. 1.173: confer, compare शतृस्वर , तुदती नुदती ... शतुरनुमो नद्यजादिरन्तांदात्तादित्वेष स्वरो यथा स्यात् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. VIII. 2.6. Vart 2. satiśiṣṭasvar abalīyastva the comparatively superior strength of a subsequent accent which prevails by the removal of the accent obtaining before in the process of the formation of a word; cf VI. 1. 158 Vart. 9. See सतिशिष्ट a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . saptasvar a lit, the seven accents; the term refers to the seven accents formed of the subdivisions of the three main Vedic accents उदात्त, अनुदात्त and स्वरित viz उदात्त, उदात्ततर, अनुदात्त, अनुदात्ततर, स्वरित, स्वरितोदात्त,and एकश्रुति: cf त एते तन्त्रे तरनिर्देशे सप्त स्वरा भवन्ति ( उदात: । उदात्ततरः । अनुदात्तः ! अनुदात्ततरः । स्वरित: । स्वरिते य उदात्तः सोन्येन विशिष्टः । एकश्रुतिः सप्तम: ॥ M. Bh on P. I. 2. 33. It is possible that these seven accents which were turned into the seven notes of the chantings of the samans developed into the seven musical notes which have traditionally come down to the present day known as सा रे ग म प ध नी; confer, compare उदात्ते निषादगान्धारौ अनुदात्ते ऋषभधैवतौ । स्वरितप्रभवा ह्येते षड्जमध्यमपञ्चमाः। Pāṇini. Siksa. The Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya mentions the seven accents differently; confer, compare उदात्तादयः परे सप्त । यथा-अभिनिहितक्षैप्र-प्राशश्लिष्ट-तैरोव्यञ्जन-तैरोविराम-पादवृत्तताथाभाव्याः Uvvata on V.Pr.I.l l4. sasvar a literally connected with a vowel; the term is used in connection with a consonant as connected with a vowel for purposes of syllabication, the vowel being either the previous one or the succeeding one. svar a(l) vowel, as contrasted with a consonant which never stands by itself independently. The word स्वर is defined generally :as स्वयं राजन्ते ते स्वराः ( Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on pan. The word स्वर is always used in the sense of a vowel in the Pratisakhya works; Panini however has got the word अच् (short term or Pratyahara formed of अ in 'अइउण्' and च् at the end of एऔच् Mahesvara sutra 4 ) always used for vowels, the term स्वर being relegated by him to denote accents which are also termed स्वर in the ancient Pratisakhyas and grammars. The number of vowels, although shown differently in diferent ancient works, is the same, viz. five simple vowels अ,इ,उ, ऋ, लृ, and four diphthongs ए, ऐ, ओ, and अौ. These nine, by the addition of the long varieties of the first four such as आ, ई, ऊ, and ऋ, are increased to thirteen and further to twentytwo by adding the pluta forms, there being no long variety for लृ and short on for the diphthongs. All these twentytwo varieties have further subdivisions, made on the criterion of each of them being further characterized by the properties उदात्त, अनुदIत्त and स्वरित and निरनुनासिक and सानुनासिक. (2) The word स्वर also means accent, a property possessed exclusively by vowels and not by consonants, as they are entirely dependent on vowels and can at the most be said to possess the same accent as the vowel with which they are uttered together. The accents are mentioned to be three; the acute ( उदात्त ), the grave अनुदात्त and the circumflex (स्वरित) defined respectively as उच्चैरुदात्तः, नीचैरनुदात्तः and समाहारः स्वरितः by Panini (P. I. 2.29, 30,3l). The point whether समाहार means a combination or coming together one after another of the two, or a commixture or blending of the two is critically discussed in the Mahabhasya. (vide Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. I. 2.31). There are however two kinds of svarita mentioned by Panini and found actually in use : (a) the independent स्वरित as possessed by the word स्वर् (from which possibly the word स्वरित was formed) and a few other words as also many times by the resultant vowel out of two vowels ( उदात्त and अनुदात्त ) combined, and (b) the enclitic or secondary svarita by which name, one or more grave vowels occurring after the udatta, in a chain, are called cf P. VIII. 2.4 VIII. 2.6 and VIII 4.66 and 67. The topic of accents is fully discussed by the authors of the Pratisakhyas as also by Panini. For details, see Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) III. 1.19; T.Pr. 38-47 Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. I. 108 to 132, II. I.65 Atharvaveda Prātiśākhya. Adhyaya l padas 1, 2, 3 and Rk. Tantra 51-66; see also Kaiyata on P. I. 2.29; (3) The word स्वर is used also in the sense of a musical tone. This meaning arose out of the second meaning ' accent ' which itself arose from the first viz. 'vowel', and it is fully discussed in works explanatory of the chanting of Samas. Patanjali has given Seven subdivisions of accents which may be at the origin of the seven musical notes. See सप्तस्वर a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . svar apratirūpaka a word or Pratipadika which is exactly similar to a single vowel such as उ or अा or . ए and the like; such words are to be looked upon as Avyayas and the case-affixes after them are dropped when they are usedition confer, compare स्वरप्रतिरूपकमव्ययम्. svar abhakti a vowel part; appearance of a consonant as a vowel; the character of a vowel borne by a consonant. Many times a semivowel which consists of one letter has to be divided especially for purposes of metre, as also for accentuation into two letters or rather, has to be turned into two letters by inserting a vowel before it or after it, for instance य् is to be turned into इय् e. g, in त्रियम्बकं यजामहे, while र् or रेफ is to be turned into र् ऋ as for instance in कर्हि चित् which is to be uttered as कर् ऋ हृि चित्. This prefixing or suffixing of a vowel is called स्वरभक्तिः confer, compare स्वरभक्तिः पूर्वभागक्षराङ्गं द्राघीयसी सार्धमात्रेतरे च | अधोनान्या ( Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) I. 32.35; confer, compare also न संयोगं स्वरभाक्तिर्विहृान्ति Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) VI. 35; confer, compare also रेफात् खरोपहिताद् व्यञ्जनोदयाद् ऋकारवर्णा स्वरभक्तिरुत्तरा: Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) VI. 46. In Panini's grammar, however, the word अज्भाक्त, which means the same is used for स्वरभक्ति; cf ऋति ऋ वा लृति लृ वा इत्युभयत्रापि विधेयं वर्णद्वयं द्विमात्रम् | अाद्यस्य मध्ये द्वौ ; रेफौ तयोरेकां मात्रा । अभितेाज्भक्तेरपरा। S. K. on VI. 1.101. svar abhinna differing in the matter of accent; words so differing are Practically looked upon as one and the same; confer, compare स्वरभिन्नानां यस्योत्तरस्वरविधिस्तस्येंकशेषो वक्यव्य: | अक्षश्च अक्षश्च अक्षौ । M. Bh on I. 2. 64 Vart. 24, For technical purposes, they are sometimes looked upon as different; confer, compare स्वरभिन्नस्य च प्राप्नुवन् विधिरनित्यः । Par. Sek. Pari. 49. svar abhed difference in accents. See स्वराभिन्न a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . svar avidhi a rule prescribing an accent or a modification of accent. svar avirāma a pause between two vowels in one and the same word as in तितउ or पउग or in two different words coming close by the visarga or य् between the two being elided, as for instance in देवा इह. svar avivṛtti( 1 ) the same as स्वरविराम which see a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. ; ( 2 ) a short treatise on Vedic accents written by a modern Vedic scholar and grammrian named Indradattopadhyaya. svar asaṃdhi euphonic combination of two vowels, a detailed description of which . forms a small topic in the Prtisakhya and grammar works; wide Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) chapters II. 1-26; T Pr. chapters 9 and 10 Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. III and अच्सन्धिप्रकणम् in the Siddhantakaumudi. svar asarvanāma a common accent; the accent which is supposed to be . present in a word when none of the three accents are definite. confer, compare एकश्रुतिः स्वरसर्वनाम यथा नपुंसकं लिङ्गसर्वनाम Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. VI. 4.174. svar asahitoccāraṇa recital of the veda Samhita text with intonation or accents, as contrasted with एकश्रुत्युच्चारण which is specially prescribed in a few cases; tonal system showing distinction between words of different senses although pronounced alike, in the Samhita text. exempli gratia, for example नतेन and न तेन. svar ārtha for purposes of accent, meant for accent; confer, compare अवश्यं चैषा परिभाषा ( असिद्धं बहिरङ्गमन्तरङ्गे ) आश्रयितव्या स्वरार्थम् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. I. 1.57. svar ita the circumflex accent, the accent between the acute (.उदात्त) and the grave ( अनुदात्त); for details see स्वर. svar itakaraṇa marking or characterizing by.a svarita accent, as is supposed to have been done by Panini when he wrote down his sutras of grammar as also the Dhatupatha, the Ganapatha and other subsidiary appendixes. Although the rules of the Astadhyayi are not recited at present with the proper accents possessed by the various vowels as given by the Sutrakara, still, by convention and traditional explanation, certain words are to be believed as possessed of certain accents. In the Dhatupatha, by oral tradition the accents of the several roots are known by the phrases अथ स्वरितेतः, अथाद्युदाताः, अथान्तेादात्ताः, अथानुदात्तेत: put therein at different places. In the sutras, a major purpose is served by the circumflex accent with which such words, as are to continue to the next or next few or next many rules, have been markedition As the oral tradition, according to which the Sutras are recited at present, has preserevd no accents, it is only the authoritative word, described as 'pratijna' of the ancient grammarians, which now is available for knowing the svarita. The same holds good in the case of nasalization ( अानुनासिक्य ) which is used as a factor for determining the indicatory nature of vowels as stated by the rule उपदेशेजनुनासिक इत्; confer, compare प्रतिज्ञानुनासिक्याः पाणिनीयाः S. K. on P. I.3.2. svar itapratijñā the conventional dictum that a particular rule or part of a rule, is marked with the accent स्वरित which enables the grammarians to decide that that rule or that part of a rule is to occur in each of the subsequent Sutras, the limit of continuation being ascertained from convention. It is possible that Panini in his original recital of the Astadhyayi recited the words in the rules with the necessary accents; probably he recited every word, which was not to proceed further, with one acute or with one circumflex vowel, while, the words which were to proceed to the next rule or rules, were marked with an actual circumflex accent ( स्वरित ), or with a neutralization of the acute and the grave accents (स्वरितत्व), that is, probably without accents or by एकश्रुति or by प्रचय; cf स्वरितेनाधिकार: P. I.3.II and the Mahabhasya thereon. svar itet marked with a mute circumflex vowel; the term is used in connection with roots in the Dhatupatha which are said to have been so marked for the purpose of indicating that they are to take personal endings of both the padas; confer, compare स्वरितञित: कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले P. I.3.72. svar ūpagrahaṇa mention by the verbal form, and not by the description of characteristics; e. g. मृजेर्वृद्धिः P VII. 2.114; सृजिदृशेIर्झल्यमाकिति VI. l. 58; confer, compare धातोः स्वरूपग्रहणे तत्प्रत्यये कार्यविज्ञानम् M.Bh. on P.VI.1.58. svar ūpayogyatā deserving by virtue of one's own form. svar ūpavidhi an operation prescribed for the verbal form of the word and not for such words as possess the meaning of the word; .cf अस्ति कश्चित्पुरुषारम्भः। क: | स्वरूपविधिर्नाम | हन्तेरात्मनेपदमुच्यमानं हृन्तेरेत्र स्यादूधेर्न स्यात् | M.Bh. on P.I.1.56 Vart. 1. In grammar there is a general dictum that in connection with words of a Sutra, unless they are technical terms, the word-forms are to be understood, and not those shown by the sense of the word: confer, compare स्वं रूपं शब्दस्याशब्दसंज्ञा P. I.1.68. This rule has some exceptions; for example in the rule नदीभिश्च P.II.1.20 the various rivers are to be understood and not the word नदी. halsvar aprāpti a possibility of the application of an accent to the consonant by the literal interpretation of rules prescribing an accent for the first or the last letter of a word, to prevent which a ruling is laid down that a consonant is not to be accented; confer, compare हल्स्वरप्राप्तौ व्यञ्जनमविद्यमानवत् Par. Sek. Pari. 80. akṣarasamāmnāya alphabet: traditional enumeration of phonetically independent letters generally beginning with the vowel a (अ). Although the number of letters and the order in which they are stated differ in different treatises, still, qualitatively they are much the same. The Śivasūtras, on which Pāṇini's grammar is based, enumerate 9 vowels, 4 semi-vowels, twenty five class-consonants and 4 | sibilants. The nine vowels are five simple vowels or monothongs (समानाक्षर) as they are called in ancient treatises, and the four diphthongs, (सन्ध्यक्षर ). The four semi-vowels y, v, r, l, ( य् व् र् ल् ) or antasthāvarṇa, the twenty five class-consonants or mutes called sparśa, and the four ūṣman letters ś, ṣ, s and h ( श् ष् स् ह् ) are the same in all the Prātiśākhya and grammar works although in the Prātiśākhya works the semi-vowels are mentioned after the class consonants.The difference in numbers, as noticed, for example in the maximum number which reaches 65 in the VājasaneyiPrātiśākhya, is due to the separate mention of the long and protracted vowels as also to the inclusion of the Ayogavāha letters, and their number. The Ayogavāha letters are anusvāra, visarjanīya,jihvāmulīya, upadhmānīya, nāsikya, four yamas and svarabhaktī. The Ṛk Prātiśākhya does not mention l (लृ), but adding long ā (अा) i (ई) ,ū (ऊ) and ṛ (ऋ) to the short vowels, mentions 12 vowels, and mentioning 3 Ayogavāhas (< क्, = प् and अं) lays down 48 letters. The Ṛk Tantra Prātiśākhya adds the vowel l (लृ) (short as also long) and mentions 14 vowels, 4 semivowels, 25 mutes, 4 sibilants and by adding 10 ayogavāhas viz. 4 yamas, nāsikya, visarjanīya, jihvāmulīya, upadhmānīya and two kinds of anusvāra, and thus brings the total number to 57. The Ṛk Tantra makes a separate enumeration by putting diphthongs first, long vowles afterwards and short vowels still afterwards, and puts semi-vowels first before mutes, for purposes of framing brief terms or pratyāhāras. This enumeration is called varṇopadeśa in contrast with the other one which is called varṇoddeśa. The Taittirīya prātiśākhya adds protracted vowels and lays down 60 letters : The Ṣikṣā of Pāṇini lays down 63 or 64 letters, while the Vājasaneyi-prātiśākhya gives 65 letters. confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. VIII. 1-25. The alphabet of the modern Indian Languages is based on the Varṇasamāmnāya given in the Vājasaneyi-prātiśākhya. The Prātiśākhyas call this enumeration by the name Varṇa-samāmnāya. The Ṛk tantra uses the terms Akṣara samāmnāya and Brahmarāśi which are picked up later on by Patañjali.confer, compare सोयमक्षरसमाम्नायो वाक्समाम्नायः पुष्पितः फलितश्चन्द्रतारकवत् प्रतिमण्डितो वेदितव्यो ब्रह्मराशिः । सर्ववेदपुण्यफलावाप्तिश्चास्य ज्ञाने भवति । मातापितरौ चास्य स्वर्गे लोके महीयेते । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Ahnika.2-end. akṣarāṅga forming a part of a syllable just as the anusvāra ( nasal utterance ) or svarabhakti (vowelpart) which forms a part of the preceding syllable. confer, compare अनुस्वारो व्यञ्जनं चाक्षराङ्गम् Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) I.22, also स्वरभक्तिः पूर्वभागक्षराङ्गम् Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) I.32. anudātta non-udatta, absence of the acute accent;one of the Bāhyaprayatnas or external efforts to produce sound. This sense possibly refers to a stage or a time when only one accent, the acute or उदात्त was recognized just as in English and other languages at present, This udatta was given to only one vowel in a single word (simple or compound) and all the other vowels were uttered accentless.id est, that is अनुदात्त. Possibly with this idea.in view, the standard rule 'अनुदात्तं पदमेकवर्जम्'* was laid down by Panini. P.VI.1.158. As, however, the syllable, just preceding the accented ( उदात्त ) syllable, was uttered with a very low tone, it was called अनुदात्ततर, while if the syllables succeeding the accented syllable showed a gradual fall in case they happened to be consecutive and more than two, the syllable succeeding the उदात्त was given a mid-way tone, called स्वरितः confer, compare उदात्तादनुदात्तस्य स्वरितः. Thus, in the utterance of Vedic hymns the practice of three tones उदात्त, अनुदात्त and स्वरित came in vogue and accordingly they are found defined in all the Prātiśākhya and grammar works;confer, compare उच्चैरुदात्तः,नीचैरनुदात्तः समाहारः स्वरितः P.I.2.29-31, T.Pr.I.38-40, V.Pr.I.108-110, Anudātta is defined by the author of the Kāśikāvṛtti as यस्मिन्नुच्चार्यमाणे गात्राणामन्ववसर्गो नाम शिथिलीभवनं भवति, स्वरस्य मृदुता, कण्ठविवरस्य उरुता च स: अनुदात्तः confer, compare अन्ववसर्गो मार्दवमुरुता स्वस्येति नीचैःकराणि शब्दस्य Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on I.2.29,30. Cfeminine. also उदात्तश्चानुदात्तश्च स्वरितश्च त्रयः स्वराः । अायामविश्रम्भोक्षपैस्त उच्यन्तेSक्षराश्रयाः ॥ Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) III.1. The term anudātta is translated by the word 'grave' as opposed to acute' (udātta,) and 'circumflex' (svarita); (2) a term applied to such roots as have their vowel अनुदात्त or grave, the chief characteristic of such roots being the non-admission of the augment इ before an ārdhadhātuka affix placed after them. ( See अनिट्, ). akhyātaprakriyā a work dealing with verbs, written by Anubhūtisvarūpācārya on the Sārasvata Vyākaraṇa. it (1) a letter or a group of letters attached to a word which is not seen in actual use in the spoken language: cf अप्रयोगी इत्, Śāk. I.1.5, Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. 1.1.37. The इत् letters are applied to a word before it, or after it, and they have got each of them a purpose in grammar viz. causing or preventing certain grammatical operations in the formation of the complete word. Pāṇini has not given any definition of the word इत् , but he has mentioned when and where the vowels and consonants attached to words are to be understood as इत्; (confer, compare उपदेशेजनुनासिक इत् , हलन्त्यम् । et cetera, and others P. I.3.2 to 8) and stated that these letters are to be dropped in actual use, confer, compare P.I.3.9. It appears that grammarians before Pāṇini had also employed such इत् letters, as is clear from some passages in the Mahābhāṣya as also from their use in other systems of grammar as also in the Uṇādi list of affixes, for purposes similar to those found served in Pāṇini 's grammar. Almost all vowels and consonants are used as इत् for different purposes and the इत् letters are applied to roots in the Dhātupāṭha, nouns in the Gaṇapāṭha, as also to affixes, augments and substitutes prescribed in grammar. Only at a few places they are attached to give facility of pronunciation. Sometimes the इत् letters, especially vowels, which are said to be इत्, when uttered as nasalized by Pāṇini, are recognised only by convention; confer, compare प्रतिज्ञानुनासिक्याः पाणिनीयाः(S.K.on P.I.3.2).The word इत्, which literally means going away or disappearing, can be explained as a mute indicatory letter. In Pāṇini's grammar, the mute vowel अ applied to roots indicates the placing of the Ātmanepada affixes after them, if it be uttered as anudātta and of affixes of both the padas if uttered svarita; confer, compare P.I.3. 12, 72. The mute vowel आ signifies the prevention of इडागम before the past part, affixes; confer, compare P. VII. 2. 16. Similarly, the mute vowel इ signfies the augment न् after the last vowel of the root; confer, compare P.VII.1.58; ई signifies the prevention of the augment इ before the past participle. affixes cfP.VII.2.14;उ signifies the inclusion of cognate letters; confer, compare P.I.1.69, and the optional addition of the augment इ before त्वा; confer, compare P.VII.2. 56; ऊ signifies the optional application of the augment इट्;confer, compare P.VII. 2.44; क signifies the prevention of ह्रस्व to the vowel of a root before the causal affix, confer, compare VII.4.2: लृ signifies the vikarana अङ् in the Aorist cf P.III.1.55; ए signifies the prevention of vrddhi in the Aorist,confer, compare P.VII.2.55; ओ signifies the substitution of न् for त् of the past participle. confer, compare P VIII.2.45; क् signifies the Prevention of गुण and वृद्धि, confer, compare P, I. 1.5; ख् signifies the addition of the augment मुम्(म्)and the shortening of the preceding vowel: confer, compare P.VI.3 65-66: ग् signifies the prevention of गुण and वृद्धि, confer, compare P.I.1.5 घ् signifies कुत्व, confer, compare P.VII.3.62; ङ्, applied to affixes, signifies the prevention of गुण and वृद्धि, confer, compare P.I.1.5; it causes संप्रसारणादेश in the case of certain roots, confer, compare P. VI.1.16 and signifies आत्मनेपद if applied to roots; confer, compare P.I. 3.12, and their substitution for the last letter if applied to substitutes. confer, compare P I.1.53. च् signifies the acute accent of the last vowel;confer, compare P.VI.1. 159; ञ् signifies उभयपद i.e the placing of the affixes of both the podas after the root to which it has been affixed;confer, compare P.I.3.72, ट् in the case of an augment signifies its application to the word at the beginning: confer, compare P I.1.64, while applied to a nominal base or an affix shows the addition of the feminine. affix ई (ङीप्) confer, compare P.IV.1. 15;ड् signifies the elision of the last syllable; confer, compare P.VI.4.142: ण् signifies वृद्धि, confer, compare P.VII.2.115;त् signifies स्वरित accent, confer, compare VI.1.181, as also that variety of the vowel ( ह्रस्व, दीर्ध or प्लुत) to which it has been applied confer, compare P.I.1.70; न् signifies आद्युदात्त, confer, compare P.VI.1.193:प् signifies अनुदात्त accent confer, compare अनुदात्तौ सुप्पितौ P. III.1.4. as also उदात्त for the vowel before the affix marked with प् confer, compare P.VI.1.192: म् signifies in the case of an augment its addition after the final vowel.confer, compare P.I.1.47,while in the case of a root, the shortening of its vowel before the causal affix णि,confer, compare P.VI.4.92: र् signifies the acute accent for the penultimate vowel confer, compare P.VI.1.217,ल् signifies the acute accent for the vowel preceding the affix marked with ल्; confer, compare P.VI. 193; श् implies in the case of an affix its सार्वधातुकत्व confer, compare P. II1.4.113, while in the case of substitutes, their substitution for the whole स्थानिन् cf P.I.1.55; प् signifies the addition of the feminine. affix ई ( ङीप् ) confer, compare P.IV-1.41 ;स् in the case of affixes signifies पदसंज्ञा to the base before them, cf P.I.4.16. Sometimes even without the actual addition of the mute letter, affixes are directed to be looked upon as possessed of that mute letter for the sake of a grammatical operation exempli gratia, for example सार्वधातुकमपित् P.I.2.4; असंयेागाल्लिट कित् P.I.2.5: गोतो णित् P.VII.1.90 et cetera, and others (2) thc short vowel इ as a substitute: confer, compare शास इदङ्हलोः P.VI.4.34. karaviṇī or कर्विणी name of a svarabhakti i. e. behaviour like the vowel लृ, noticed in the case of the consonant ल् when followed by the sibilant ह्; confer, compare करेणू रहयोर्योगे कर्विणी लहकारयोः । हरिणी रशसानां च हारिता लशकारयोः ॥ करेणुः बर् हिः । कर्विणी भलहाः Com. on Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. XXI. 15. See स्वरभक्ति. kariṇī name of a svarabhakti i. e. behaviour like the vowel ऋ noticed in the case of the consonant र्. when it is followed by ह् e. g. बर् हिः करिणी is named करेणु also. karviṇī A kind of svarabhakti. See करविणी. kurviṇī a kind of svarabhakti; see कर्विणी. gopīcandra known also by the name गेयींचन्द्र who .has written several commentary works on the grammatical treatises of the Samksipatasara or Jaumāra school of Vyakarana founded by Kramdisvara and Jumaranandin in the 12th century, the well-known among them being the संक्षिप्तसाटीका, संक्षितसारपरिभात्रासूत्रटीका and तद्धितपरिशिष्टटीका. He is believed to have lived in the thirteenth century A. D. ṅañ a short term or Pratyahara standing for the letters ङ्, ण्, न् , झ् , and भू , casually mentioned in the Mahabhasya; confer, compare एतदप्यस्तु ञकारेण ङञो ह्र्स्वादचि ङञुण्नित्यमिति । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on Mahesvara Sutras 8, 9. carcā (1) splitting up of a word into its component parts, which is generalty shown in the Padaptha by अवग्रहं (S). The word, hence means पदपाठ or recital by showing separately the constitutent words of the Samhita or the running text of the Veda. The word is used almost in the same sense in the Mahabhasya in respect of showing the words of a sutra separately; confer, compare न केवलानि चर्चापदानि व्याख्यानं वृद्धिः आत् ऐजिति । किं तर्हि । उदाहरणं प्रत्युदाहरणं वाक्याध्याहारः इत्येतत्समुदितं व्याख्यानं भवति M.Bh. on Mahesvara Sutra 1 Wart. 6l ; (2) a repeated word; confer, compare इतिकरणात् पुरतो यत् पुनः पदवचनं तत् चर्चाशब्देनोच्यते. Uvvata on Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. III.20; (3) a discussion or a debate where consideration is given to each single word; confer, compare प्रर्यायशब्दानां लाघवगौरवचर्चा नाद्रियते Par. Sek. Pari. 115. cātuḥsvārya the view that there are four accents-the udatta, the anudatta, the svarita and the pracaya held by the Khandikya and the Aukhiya Schools. jātya name of a variety of the Svarita or circumflex accent; the original svarita accent as contrasted with the svarita for the grave which follows upon an acute as prescribed by P. in VIII. 4.67, and which is found in the words इन्द्रः, होता et cetera, and others The jatya svarita is noticed in the words स्वः, क्व, न्यक्, कन्या et cetera, and others ; .confer, compare उदात्तपूर्वं स्वरितमनुदात्तं पदेक्षरम्। अतोन्यत् स्वरितं स्वारं जात्यमाचक्षते पदे॥ जात्या स्वभावेनैव उदात्तानुदात्तसंगतिं विना जातो जात्यः । तं जात्यमाचक्षतै व्याडिप्रभृयः Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) and commentary III. 4. tīvratara extreme sharpness of the nasalization at the time of pronouncing the anusvara and the fifth letters recommended by Saityayana.e. g. अग्नीररप्सुषदः, वञ्चते परिवञ्चते. confer, compare Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. XVII. 1. tairovyañjana a kind of svarita or circumflex-accented vowel which follows an acute-accented vowel, with the intervention of a consonant between the acute accented vowel and the circumflex vowel which (vowel) originally was grave. e. g. इडे, रन्ते, हव्ये, काम्ये; here the vowel ए is तैरोव्यञ्जनस्वरित; confer, compare स्वरो व्यञ्जनयुतस्तैरोव्यञ्जनः, Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. I. 117. dīpti explained as स्फूर्ति or throbbing in utterance. Out of the seven svaras or yamas क्रुष्ट, प्रथम, द्वितीय, तृतीय, चतुर्थ, मन्द्र and अतिस्वार्य, the throbbing ( दीप्ति ) of the latter and latter tone leads to the perception of the former and former one: confer, compare तेषां दीप्तिजोपलब्धि: Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. XXIII. 15. dhātupārāyaṇa a grammatical treatise dealing with roots written as a supplementary work by Jumaranandin to his grammar work called Rasavati,which itself was a thoroughly revised and enlarged edition of the रसवती a commentary written by Kramadisvara on his own grammar named संक्षिप्तसार.Jumaranandin is believed to have been a Jain writer who lived in the fifteenth century A.D. dhātumālā a work on roots in verseform attributed to a grammarian named Isvarakanta. dhve Personal-ending of the second. person. Pl. Atmanepada in the present and perfect tenses. न् fifth consonant of the dental class of consonants which is possessed of the properties घोष, नादानुप्रदान, अल्पप्राणत्व, संवृतकण्ठत्व and अानुनासिक्य. In Panini's grammar the nasal consonant न् (a)is added as an augment prescribed\ \नुट् or नुम् which originally is seen as न्, but afterwards changed into अनुस्वार or परसवर्ण as required, as for example in पयांसि, यशांसि, निन्दति, वन्दति et cetera, and others ; confer, compare P. VII. 1.58-73, VII. 1.7983; VIII. 3.24; (b) is changed into ण् when it directly follows upon ऋ, ॠ, र् or ष् or even intervened by a vowel, a semivowel except ल् , a guttural consonant, a labial consonant or an anusvara; confer, compare P. VIII. 4.1.1-31. (c) is substituted for the final म् of a root, e. g. प्रशान्, प्रतान् confer, compare P. VIII. 2.64, 65. nāsikāsthāna a place in the nose where a nasal letter such as ङ्, ञ्, ण्, न् or म् and anusvara get a tinge of nasalization while passing through it. The yama letters e.g the nasal क्, ख् ,ग् , घ् get nasalization in the utterance of the words पलिक्किनः, चख्ख्नतुः, अग्ग्निः, घ्घ्नन्ति; confer, compare यमो नाम वर्णः प्रातिशाख्ये प्रसिद्धः S.K. on P. VIII. 2. 1. confer, compare also यमानुस्वारनासिक्यानां नासिके Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. I. 74, Ṛktantra Prātiśākhya. 12. paripanna a kind of Samdhi or coalescence characterized by the change of the consonant म् into an anusvara, as by मोनुस्वारः P. VIII. 3.23, before a sibilant or before रेफ; confer, compare रेफोष्मणोरुदययोर्मकारः अनुस्वारं तत् परिपन्नमाहुः R.Pr.IV.5; confer, compare also सम्राट्शब्द: परिसंपन्नापवाद: R.Pr.IV.7. prakampa depression of the voice after raising it as noticed in connection with the utterance of the svarita vowels in certain cases and in certain Vedic schools with a view to show the svarita nature of the vowel distinctly, in spite of the fact that such a depression is generally looked upon as a.fault; confer, compare असन्दिग्धान् स्वरान् ब्रूयादविकृष्टानकाम्पितान् Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) III.18 as also जात्योभिानिहितश्चैव क्षैप्रः प्रश्लिष्ट एव च । एते स्वराः प्रकम्पन्ते यत्रोच्चस्वरितोदयाः Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) III. 19. pravaṇa circumflex accent; possessed of svarita accent; confer, compare सुर्वः प्रवण इत्येके । प्रकर्षेण वन्येत व्युत्क्षिप्यते इति प्रवणः स्वरितस्वरः Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. I. 47; confer, compare also प्रवणे यष्टव्यम् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on VI. 2.33. baś short term or pratyahara for the consonants from ब to mute श् in the Mahesvara sutra id est, that is the consonants ब्, ग्, ड् and द्. bindu anusvara, letter pronounced only through the nose; a dot to indicate the nasal phonetic element shown in writing a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. or sometimes after that letter or vowel, after which it is uttered; confer, compare अं इत्यनुस्वारः । अकार इह उच्चारणार्थः इति बिन्दुमात्रो वर्णोनुस्वारसंज्ञो भवति ।। Kat. I.1.19. brahmarāśi the sacred Sanskrit alphabet given in the fourteen sutras of Mahesvara, named Aksarasamamnaya which is called ब्रह्मराशि as it contains the basic letters of शब्द which is Brahma according to Grammarians; confer, compare सोयमक्षरसमाम्नायो वाक्यसमाम्नायः पुष्पितः फलितश्चन्द्रतारकवत् प्रतिमण्डितो वेदितव्यो ब्रह्मराशिः Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Ahnika 2 end; confer, compare also एते पञ्चषष्टिवर्णा ब्रह्मराशिरात्मवाचः V. Pr.VIII. 25. bha (1) the letter or sound भ् with the vowel अ added for facility of utterance; (2) a technical term in the Grammar of Panini given to a noun base before such case and taddhita affixes as begin with any vowel or with the consonant य्. The utility of this designation of भ to the base is (l) to prevent the substitutes which are enjoined for the final vowel or consonant of a pada (a word ending with a case-affix or a base before case and taddhita affix. affixes beginning with any consonant excepting य् ) just as the substitution of Visarga, anusvara, the first or third consonant, and others given in P. VIII. 4.37 and the following. For the various changes and operations for a base termed भ see P. VI. 4.129 to 175. yay short term (प्रत्याहार) for sonants beginning with य् ( in हयवरट्) and ending before the ; mute letter य् ( in कपय् ) id est, that is all consonants except! श्, ष्, स्, and ह्; confer, compare अनुस्वारस्य ययि परसवर्णः P.VIII 4. 58 by which an anusvara is changed into a cognate letter of the following which is a letter included in यय्. yas taddhita affix. affix य with mute स् to indicate the application of the term पद् to the preceding base as a consequence of which the final म् of the words कम् and शम्, after which यस् is prescribed, gets changed into anusvara e. g. कंयु:, दंयु:: cf P.W.2.138. yogavāha a technical term used for phonetic elements or letters which are mentioned in the alphabet of Panini, viz., the Mahesvara sutras in contrast with the term अयोगवाह which is used by grammarians for the phonetic elements अनुस्वार, विसर्ग and others which are not mentionedition ,See अयोगवाह; confer, compare also M. Bh on Siva sutra 5. ṛ word-form of the ajbhakti or svarabhakti ( a term used in the ancient Prātiśākhya works), where ऋ is looked upon as the consonant र् surrounded by, or followed by the nature of a vowel. ऋ as a vowel is possessed of one mātrā of which in svarabhakti, the consonant र् possesses half and the svarabhakti possesses half: cf रेफात् स्वरोपहिताह्यञ्जनोदयाद् ऋकारवर्णा स्वरभाक्तिरूत्तरा Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) VI.13. varṇasamāmnāya a collection of letters or alphabet given traditionally. Although the Sanskrit alphabet has got everywhere the same cardinal letters id est, that is vowels अ, इ et cetera, and others , consonants क्, ख् etc : semivowels य्, र्, ल्, व, sibilants श् ष् स् ह् and a few additional phonetic units such as अनुस्वार, विसर्ग and others, still their number and order differ in the different traditional enumerations. Panini has not mentioned them actually but the fourteen Siva Sutras, on which he has based his work, mention only 9 vowels and 34 consonants, the long vowels being looked upon as varieties of the short ones. The Siksa of Panini mentions 63 or 64 letters, adding the letter ळ ( दुःस्पृष्ट ); confer, compare त्रिषष्टि: चतुःषष्टिर्वा वर्णाः शम्भुमते मताः Panini Siksa. St.3. The Rk Pratisakhya adds four (Visarga, Jihvamuliya, Upadhmaniya and Anusvara ) to the forty three given in the Siva Sutras and mentions 47. The Taittiriya Pratisakhya mentions 52 letters viz. 16 vowels, 25class consonants, 4 semivowels,six sibilants (श्, ष् , स्, ह् , क्, प् , ) and anusvara. The Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya mentions 65 letters 3 varieties of अ, इ, उ, ऋ and लृ, two varieties of ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, 25 class-consonants, four semivowels, four sibilants, and जिह्वामूलीय, उपध्मानीय, अनुस्वार, विसर्जनीय, नासिक्य and four यम letters; confer, compare एते पञ्चषष्टिवर्णा ब्रह्मराशिरात्मवाचः Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. VIII. 25. The Rk Tantra gives 57 letters viz. 14 vowels, 25 class consonants, 4 semivowels, 4 sibilants, Visarga,.Jihvamuliya, Upadhmaniya, Anunasika, 4_yamas and two Anusvaras. The Rk Tantra gives two different serial orders, the Uddesa (common) and the Upadesa (traditional). The common order or Uddesa gives the 14 vowels beginning with अ, then the 25 class consonants, then the four semivowels, the four sibilants and lastly the eight ayogavahas, viz. the visarjanya and others. The traditional order gives the diphthongs first, then long vowels ( अा, ऋ, लॄ, ई and ऊ ) then short vowels (ऋ, लृ, इ, उ, and lastly अ ), then semivowels, then the five fifth consonants, the five fourths, the five thirds, the five seconds, the five firsts, then the four sibilants and then the eight ayogavaha letters and two Ausvaras instead of one anuswara. Panini appears to have followed the traditional order with a few changes that are necessary for the technigue of his work. vṛttisamavāya serial arrangement of letters in a specific way ( as for instance in the Mahesvara Sutras) for the sake of grammatical functions; confer, compare वृत्तिसमवायार्थं उपदेशः | वृत्तिः शास्त्रप्रवृत्तिः। समवायॊ वर्णानामानुपूर्व्येण सांनवेशः Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on Ahnika I. veda language of the Vedic Literature as contrasted with the term लॊकः; confer, compare नैव लोके न च वेदे अकारो विवृतोस्ति Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on Mahesvara Sutra; confer, compare also रक्षार्थं वेदानामध्येयं व्याकरणम् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Ahnika 1. The term वैदिक referring to words found in Vedic language is also frequently used in the Mahabhasya. Panini, however, has used the term छन्दस्, मन्त्र and निगम, and not वेद, out of which the first term छन्दस् is often used; confer, compare बहुलं छन्दसि P. II. 4.39, 76: III, 2.88; V. 2.122; or छन्दसि च P. V. 1.67, V. 4.142, VI. 3.126. VI. l.34, VII. 1.8, et cetera, and others vaivṛtta name given to the svarita or circumflex accent on the vowel following upon a vowel accented acute, when there is a vivrtti or pause between the two vowels; e.g, य इन्द्रः; cf वैवृत्ततैरोव्यञ्जनौ क्षैप्राभिनिहितौ च तान् | Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) III. 10. vyākaraṇasudhānighi a gloss on the Sutras of Panini written by Visvesvara. śuddhāśubodhasūtrārthavyākaraṇa a gloss on the Asubodha-grammar, written by a grammarian named Ramesvara. śaityāyana an ancient Grammarian and Vedic scholar who is quoted in the Taittiriya Pratisakhya for recommending a sharp and distinct nasalisation of the anusvara and the fifth class-consonants; confer, compare तत्रितरमानुनासिक्यमनुस्वारोत्तमेषु इति शैत्यायन: Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. XVII. 1. sārasvata name of a grammar work which was once very popular on account of its brevity, believed to have been written in the sutra form by an ancient grammarian named Narendra who is said to have composed 700 sutras under the inspiration of Sarasvati.The exposition of these Sutras by a reputed grammarian named Anubhutisvarupacarya who possibly flourished in the thirteenth century A. D., is known by the name सारस्वतप्रक्रिया which has remained as a text book on grammar to the present day in some parts of India. This प्रक्रिया is popularly known as सारस्वतव्याकरण. The technical terms in this grammar are the current popular ones. sārasvataprakriyā the popular name given to the gloss by Anubhutisvarupacarya on Narendra's grammar rules. See सारस्वत a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . hū the last of the spirant consonants, | which is a glottal, voiced letter called also ऊष्म or spirant of a partial contact, i. e. possessed of the properties कण्ठय, नादानुप्रदान, ऊष्म and ईषत्स्पृष्टत्व. This letter has been given twice in the Paninian alphabet, viz. the Mahesvara Sutras, and the Bhasyakara has given the purpose of it, viz. the technical utility of being included among soft consonants along with semi-vowels, nasals and the fifth, the fourth, and the third class-consonants (हश् अश् et cetera, and others ),as also among the hard consonants along with the fourth and the third class-letters and spirants ( झ्लू, ). The second letter हू in हल् appears, however, to have only a technical utility,as the purpose of its place there among spirants is served by the jihvamuliya and the Upadhmaniya letters which are,in fact, the velar and the labial spirants respectively, besides the other three शू, षू and सू .The Rk Pratisakhya calls ह as a chest sound. For details, see Mahabhasya on the Siva Sutra हयवरट् Varttikas 1, 2 and 3. haṃstapadā name given to a kind of svarabhakti,when the consonant. र, followed by ष्, is read as र + ष्+ ह् इकार See ह् as also ह. hariṇi name of a kind of svarabhakti when r ( र् ) followed by s ( श् ) and s ( स् ) is read as र + इ +श् and र + इ +स् respectively.