nyāso ddyota a learned commentary on Jinendrabuddhi's Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. so ḍha taddhita affix. confer, compare so pasarga together with a preposition ( उपसर्ग ) prefixed; the term is used in connection with a root to which a preposition such as प्र, परा et cetera, and others confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). so ma,so macārya name of the writer of a gloss named त्रिभाष्यरत्न on the Taittiriya Pratisakhya. so madeva a Jain Grammarian, the writer of a gloss on the commentary Jainendra Vyakarana named शब्दार्णवचन्द्रिका by the author, who was a resident of thc Deccan and lived in a village named Arjurika ( called आजर्रे to-day ) near Kolhapur in the twelfth century. so mayājin a modern grammarian of the nineteenth century who wrote a short grammatical work as a hand-book for scholars who aspired to be poets. The work was called वैयाकरणशब्दमाला. so ṣman accompanied by a rush of breath. The word is taken to apply to the second and fourth consonants which are produced by the rush of unintonated breath through the open mouth like steam through a pipe the second and fourth class consonants; confer, compare Ṛktantra Prātiśākhya. a (1) the first letter of the alphabet in Sanskrit and its derived languages, representing the sound a (अ): (2) the vowel a (अ) representing in grammatical treatises, except when Prescribed as an affix or an augment or a substitute,all its eighteen varieties caused by accentuation or nasalisation or lengthening: (3) personal ending a (अ) of the perfeminine. second. plural person. singular. et cetera, and others confer, compare et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example feminine. confer, compare et cetera, and others Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. taddhita affix. et cetera, and others Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. inst. instrumental case. aṃ (ं) nasal utterance called अनुस्वार and written as a dot a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. confer, compare confer, compare Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) aṃśugaṇa also अंश्वादिगण a class of words headed by अंशु which have their last vowel accented acute when they stand at the end of a tatpuruṣa, correspond with the word प्रति as the first member. confer, compare aḥ ( : ) visarga called visarjanīya in ancient works and shown in writing by two dots, one below the other, exactly of the same size, like the pair of breasts of a maiden as jocularly larly expressed by Durgasiṁha's Kātantra-Sūtravṛtti. confer, compare a,k (ೱ),(ೱ) जिह्वामूलीय, represented by a sign like the वज्र in writing, as stated by Durgasiṁha's Kātantra-Sūtravṛtti. a,p ೱ,(ೱ) Upadhmānīya represented by a sign like the temple of an elephants stated by Durgasiṁha's Kātantra-Sūtravṛtti. nominative case. Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. akathita not mentioned by any other case-relation such as अपादान, संप्रदान and अधिकरण; stated with respect to the indirect object, governed by roots possessing two objects such as दुह्, याच् and others, which in the passive woice is put in the nominative case. The in-direct object is called akathita because in some cases there exists no other case-relation as, for example, in पौरवं गां याचते or भिक्षते, or माणवकं पन्थानं पृच्छति; while, in the other cases, the other case-relations (with the activity expressed by the verb) are wilfully suppressed or ignored although they exist, as for instance in गां दोग्धि पयः, अन्ववरुणद्धि गां व्रजम्; see अकथितं च P.1.4.51 and the Mahābhāṣya thereon. akarmaka intransitive, without any object, (said with regard to roots which cannot possess an object or whose object is suppressed or ignored). The reasons for suppression are briefly given in the well-known stanza ; धातोरर्थान्तरे वृत्तेर्धात्वर्थेनोपसंग्रहात् । प्रसिद्धेरविवक्षातः कर्मणोऽकर्मिकाक्रिया ॥ In the case of intransitive roots, the verbal activity and its fruit are centred in one and the same individual viz. the agent or कर्ता confer, compare akāma (अकामसंधि) (अकामसंधि) an invariable (नित्य) euphonic change (संधि) such as the dropping of th' consonant r ( र् ) when followed by r. confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) akṛt not established; said of a grammatical operation which has not taken place e. g. अकृतसंधिकार्यम् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). akṛtrima non-technical: not formed or not arrived at by grammatical operations such as the application of affixes to crude bases and so on; natural; assigned only by accident. cf the gram. maxim कृत्रिमाकृतिमयोः कृत्रिमे कार्यसंप्रत्ययः which means "in cases of doubt whether an operation refers to that expressed by the technical sense or to that which is expressed by the ordinary sense of a term, the operation refers to what is expressed by the technical sense." Par. śek. Par.9 also Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). akṣara a letter of the alphabet, such as a (अ) or i (इ) or h (ह) or y (य्) or the like. The word was originally applied in the Prātiśākhya works to vowels (long, short as also protracted), to consonants and the ayogavāha letters which were tied down to them as their appendages. Hence अक्षर came later on to mean a syllable i. e. a vowel with a consonant or consonants preceding or following it, or without any consonant at all. confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). akṣarasamāmnāya alphabet: traditional enumeration of phonetically independent letters generally beginning with the vowel a (अ). Although the number of letters and the order in which they are stated differ in different treatises, still, qualitatively they are much the same. The Śivasūtras, on which Pāṇini's grammar is based, enumerate 9 vowels, 4 semi-vowels, twenty five class-consonants and 4 | sibilants. The nine vowels are five simple vowels or monothongs (समानाक्षर) as they are called in ancient treatises, and the four diphthongs, (सन्ध्यक्षर ). The four semi-vowels y, v, r, l, ( य् व् र् ल् ) or antasthāvarṇa, the twenty five class-consonants or mutes called sparśa, and the four ūṣman letters ś, ṣ, s and h ( श् ष् स् ह् ) are the same in all the Prātiśākhya and grammar works although in the Prātiśākhya works the semi-vowels are mentioned after the class consonants.The difference in numbers, as noticed, for example in the maximum number which reaches 65 in the VājasaneyiPrātiśākhya, is due to the separate mention of the long and protracted vowels as also to the inclusion of the Ayogavāha letters, and their number. The Ayogavāha letters are anusvāra, visarjanīya,jihvāmulīya, upadhmānīya, nāsikya, four yamas and svarabhaktī. The Ṛk Prātiśākhya does not mention l (लृ), but adding long ā (अा) i (ई) ，ū (ऊ) and ṛ (ऋ) to the short vowels, mentions 12 vowels, and mentioning 3 Ayogavāhas (< क्, = प् and अं) lays down 48 letters. The Ṛk Tantra Prātiśākhya adds the vowel l (लृ) (short as also long) and mentions 14 vowels, 4 semivowels, 25 mutes, 4 sibilants and by adding 10 ayogavāhas viz. 4 yamas, nāsikya, visarjanīya, jihvāmulīya, upadhmānīya and two kinds of anusvāra, and thus brings the total number to 57. The Ṛk Tantra makes a separate enumeration by putting diphthongs first, long vowles afterwards and short vowels still afterwards, and puts semi-vowels first before mutes, for purposes of framing brief terms or pratyāhāras. This enumeration is called varṇopadeśa in contrast with the other one which is called varṇoddeśa. The Taittirīya prātiśākhya adds protracted vowels and lays down 60 letters : The Ṣikṣā of Pāṇini lays down 63 or 64 letters, while the Vājasaneyi-prātiśākhya gives 65 letters. confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). akṣarāṅga forming a part of a syllable just as the anusvāra ( nasal utterance ) or svarabhakti (vowelpart) which forms a part of the preceding syllable. confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) agamakatva non-communicativeness, inability to communicate adequately the intended meaning. confer, compare confer, compare agṛhīta uncomprehended, unincluded confer, compare confer, compare aglopa elision of the vowel a, i,u , r or l ( अ, इ, उ, ऋ or लृ ) which prevents Sanvadbhāva confer, compare aghoṣa unvoiced, merely breathed; a term applied to the surd consonants, ś, ṣ s, and visarga which are uttered by mere breathing and which do not produce any sonant effect. confer, compare confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. aṅit not marked with the mute letter ṅ ( ङ्) signifying the absence of the prohibition of the guṇa or the vṛddhi substitute. cf अङिति गुणप्रतिषेधः ( वक्तव्यः ) M.Bh. III.3.83 Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare exempli gratia, for example confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). aṅga (1) the crude base of a noun or a verb to which affixes are added; a technical term in Pāṇini's grammar for the crude base after which an affix is prescribed e. g. उपगु in औपगव,or कृ in करिष्यति et cetera, and others confer, compare participle. confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. et cetera, and others confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. confer, compare Ṛktantra Prātiśākhya. Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. aṅgulyādigaṇa class of words headed by अङ्गुलि to which the taddhita affix. confer, compare ajādigaṇa class of words headed by अज to which the feminine. añ (1) taddhita affix. et cetera, and others et cetera, and others et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example aṭ (1) token term standing for vowels and semi-vowels excepting l ( ल्) specially mentioned as not interfering with the substitution of ṇ ( ण् ) for n ( न् ) exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others aṇu the minimum standard of the guantity of sound, which is not perceived by the senses, being equal to one-fourth of a Mātrā; confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. confer, compare at (1) tech. term in Pāṇini's grammar for short अ, cf तपरस्तत्कालस्य P. I. 1. 70; अदेङ् गुणः P.I.1.2; (2) personal ending अ for इ ( इट् ) of the Ist person. singular. or Ātmanep. Ātmanepada ablative case. singular. plural locative case taddhita affix. confer, compare confer, compare atantra implying no specific purpose: not intended to teach anything, अविवक्षित; exempli gratia, for example confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vyāḍiparibhāṣāsūcana. Vyāḍiparibhāṣāsūcana. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). atām personal affix of the third person. plural or Ātmanep. Ātmanepada confer, compare atideśa extended application; transfer or conveyance or application of the character or qualities or attributes of one thing to another. Atideśa in Sanskrit grammar is a very common feature prescribed by Pāṇini generally by affixing the taddhita affix. exempli gratia, for example id est, that is confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). et cetera, and others Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare ativyāpti the same as अतिप्रसङ्ग, which see a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. atiśāyana excellence, surpassing; the same as अतिशय in Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). atihāra transfer of a consonant in a Stobha. See पुष्पसूत्र. atus personal ending of perfeminine. person. dual number confer, compare ate personal ending of present tense. plural atyantāpahnava complete or absolute denial or concealment offacts; confer, compare atyalpaspṛṣṭa having a very slight contact (with the organ producing sound),as in the case of the utterance of a vowel. atva also अत्व change of a vowel into short अ. atharvaprātiśākhya the Prātiśākhya work of the Atharva veda believed to have been written by Śaunaka. It consists of four Adhyāyās and is also called शौनकीया चतुरध्यायिका. athus conjugational affix of perfeminine. person. Parasmaipada. confer, compare adanta ending with the short vowel अ; confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). adarśana a term in ancient grammars and Prātiśākhyas meaning nonappearance of a phonetic member वर्णस्यादर्शनं लोपः (V. Pr 1. 141),explained as अनुपलब्धिः by उव्वट. Later on, the idea of non-appearance came to be associated with the idea of expectation and the definition of लोप given by Pāṇini in the words अदर्शनं लोपः (as based evidently on the Prātiśākhya definition) was explained as non-appearance of a letter or a group of letters where it was expected to have been present. See Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). adādi name given to the class of roots belonging to the second conjugation, as the roots therein begin with the root अद्. The word अदिप्रभृति is also used in the same sense; confer, compare confer, compare Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. adviyoni literally et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare adhika (1) additional or surplus activity which a rule in grammar sometimes shows; अधिकः कारः or अधिकं कार्यम्; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). adhikāra governing rule consisting of a word (exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare edition singular. confer, compare adhisparśam incompletely pronounced, referring to a letter so pronouncedition adhyāhāra supplying the necessary element. confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Māheśvarasūtras. anaḍ (1) substitute अन् as Samāsānta at the end of a Bahuvrīhi compound exempli gratia, for example confer, compare et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare singular. confer, compare anañ a word without the negative particle ( नञ् ) before it, e. g. धेनुरनञि कमुत्पादयति, a sūtra in Āpiśali's grammar quoted in Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). anadyatana period of time not pertaining to the day in question; used in connection with past time, to express which the imperfect is generally used; also in connection with the future time, to express which the first future is generally used e gह्यः अपचत्, श्वः कर्ता et cetera, and others confer, compare anantara (1) immediate, contiguous अव्यवहित. confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare anantya non-final confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). ananya not different, the same: confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. anabhidhāna inability to express the meaning desiredition confer, compare confer, compare Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). anabhinirvṛtta that which is not applied; literally confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). feminine. anarthaka (1) without any signification;literally id est, that is exempli gratia, for example confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. confer, compare confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Mahābhāṣya-Pradīpoddyota by Nāgeśa. 1. varia lectio, another reading, Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). anavakāśa having no occasion or scope of application; used in connection with a rule the whole of whose province of application is covered by a general rule, and hence which becomes technically useless, unless it is allowed to set aside the general rule: confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. anavasthita undetermined, indefinite; See M.Bh. quoted a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). anādi non-initial. exempli gratia, for example Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). anārṣa (1) non-vedic: not proceeding from any Ṛṣi, or Vedic Seer, confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare Uvvaṭa's Bhāṣya on the Prātiśākhya works. Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare Atharvaveda Prātiśākhya. anic samāsānta affix after the word धर्म and some other words prescribed by P. V. 4.124-6, e. g. कल्याणधर्मा, सुजम्भा, दक्षिणेर्मा. aniṭ (1) not admitting the augment इट् to be prefixed to it; the term is strictly to be applied to ārdhadhātuka affixes placed after such roots as have their vowel characterized by a grave accent ( अनुदात्तस्वर ); the term अनिट् being explained as अनिडादि qualifying the अार्धधातुक affix; (2) in a secondary way, it has become customary to call such roots अनिट् as do not allow the augment इट् to be prefixed to an ārdhadhātuka affix placed after them. Such roots are termed अनुदात्त verily because they are possessed of an anudātta vowel. e. g. कृ, भृ, जि, गम् , हन् et cetera, and others et cetera, and others aniṭkārikā (1) name given to Stanzas giving a complete list of such roots as do not allow the augment इ ( इट् ) to be prefixed to an ārdhadhātuka affix placed after them. For such Kārikās see Sid. Kaum. on VII.1.5 as also Kāśikā on VII. 2.10; ( 2 ) a short treatise enumerating in 11 verses the roots which do not admit the augment इट् before the ārdhadhatuka affixes. The work is anonymous, and not printed so far, possibly composed by a Jain writer. The work possibly belongs to the Kātantra system and has got short glosses called व्याख्यान, अवचूरि, विवरण, टीका, टिप्पणी and the like which are all anonymous. aniṅgya not separable into two padas or words by means of avagraha; confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) anitya (1) not nitya or obligatory optional; said of a rule or paribhāṣā whose application is voluntary). Regarding the case and con= jugational affixes it can be said that those affixes can, in a way: be looked upon as nitya or obligatory, as they have to be affixed to a crude nominal base or a root; there being a dictum that no crude base without an affix can be used as also, no affix alone without a base can be usedition Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). anipātya not necessary to be specifically or implicitly stated, as it can be brought about or accomplished in the usual way: e. g. द्वन्द्वम् । लिङ्गमशिष्यं लोकाश्रयत्वाल्लिङ्गस्य । तत्र नपुंसकत्वमनिपात्यम् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). animitta ot serving as a cause, not possessing a causal relation; e. g. संनिपातलक्षणे विधिरनिमित्तं तद्विघातस्य Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). aniyata not subject to any limitation confer, compare aniyatapuṃska whose sex-especially whether it is a male or a female-is not definitely known from its mere sight; small insects which are so. The term क्षुद्रा in P. IV.1.131 is explained in the Mahābhāṣya as क्षुद्रा नाम अनियतपुंस्का अङ्गहीना वा Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). anirdiṣṭārtha whose sense has not been specifically stated ; the word is used with reference to such affixes as are not prescribed in any specific sense or senses and hence as are looked upon as possessing the sense which the base after which they are prescribed has got: confer, compare confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). aniṣṭa an undesired consequence or result; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). anīyar kṛt affix, termed कृत्य also forming the pot. passive voice. participle. confer, compare exempli gratia, for example anukaraṇa (1) imitation; a word uttered in imitation of another; an imitative name: confer, compare confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. anukarṣaṇa dragging (from the preceding rule) to the following rule taking the previous rule or a part of it as understood in the following rule or rules in order; the same as अनुवृत्ति; confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. anukta not actually stated or expressed in a rule; confer, compare confer, compare Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. anukramaṇa enumeration (in the right order as.opposed to व्युत्क्रम ); e. g. अथ किमर्थमुत्तरत्र एवमादि अनुक्रमणं क्रियते Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). exempli gratia, for example past passive participle. literally id est, that is confer, compare anuttama other than उत्तम or the first person; confer, compare anutpati non-production of an element of a word such as an affix or an augment or the like; confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). anudātta non-udatta, absence of the acute accent;one of the Bāhyaprayatnas or external efforts to produce sound. This sense possibly refers to a stage or a time when only one accent, the acute or उदात्त was recognized just as in English and other languages at present, This udatta was given to only one vowel in a single word (simple or compound) and all the other vowels were uttered accentless.id est, that is confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). feminine. Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) anudāttatara quite a low tone, completely grave; generally applied to the tone of that grave or anudātta vowel which is immediately followed by an acute ( उदात्त ) vowel. When the three Vedic accents were sub-divided into seven tones viz. उदात्त, उदात्ततर्, अनुदात्त, अनुदात्ततर, स्वरित, स्वरितस्थोदात्त and एकश्रुति corresponding to the seven musical notes, the अनुदात्ततर was the name given to the lowest of them all. अनुदात्ततर was termed सन्नतर also; confer, compare confer, compare anudāttet literally et cetera, and others confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare anudāttopadeśa (a root) pronounced originally i. c. pronounced in the Dhātupāṭha with a grave accent; see the word अनुदात्त a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. confer, compare a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. anunāda a fore-sound : a preceding additional sound which is looked upon as a fault: e. g. ह्वयामि whom pronounced as अह्वयामि. This sound is uttered before an initial sonant consonant. It is also uttered before initial aspirates or visarga. confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) anunāsika (a letter) uttered through the nose and mouth both, as different from anusvāra which is uttered only through the nose. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). id est, that is exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare Kātantra vyākaraṇa Sūtra. et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare anupasarjana not subordinated in wordrelation, principal member; confer, compare anupradāna an effort outside the mouth in the production of sound at the different vocal organs such as कण्ठ, तालु et cetera, and others confer, compare Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. confer, compare Uvvaṭa's Bhāṣya on the Prātiśākhya works. Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) anubandha a letter or letters added to a word before or after it, only to signify some specific purpose such as (a) the addition of an afix (e. g. क्त्रि, अथुच् अङ् et cetera, and others literally confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. edition anubhūtisvarūpācārya a writer of the twelfth century who wrote a work on grammar called सरस्वती-प्रक्रिया or सारस्वतप्रक्रिया, He has also written धातुपाठ and आख्यातप्रक्रिया. The grammar is a short one and is studied in some parts of India. anuloma in the natural order (opp. to प्रतिलोम ), confer, compare anuvṛtti repetition or recurrence of a word from the previous to the subsequent rule or rules, which is necessary for the sake of the intended interpretation. The word is of common use in books on Pāṇini's grammar. This recurrence is generally continuous like the stream of a river ( गङ्गास्रोतोवत् ); sometimes however, when it is not required in an intermediate rule, although it proceeds further, it is named मण्डूकप्लुत्यानुवृत्ति. In rare cases it is taken backwards in a sūtra work from a subsequent rule to a previous rule when it is called अपकर्ष. anuṣaṅga (1) literally confer, compare confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Kātantra vyākaraṇa Sūtra. anusaṃhitaṃ according to the Saṁhitā text of the Vedas: confer, compare confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) anekārtha (1) possessed of a plural sense referring to many things. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. anaikāntika undetermined, indefinite एतद्प्यनैकान्तिकं यदल्पप्राणस्य सर्वोच्चैस्तन्महाप्राणस्य सर्वनीचै: Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). anaimittika not possessed of any definite cause; अनैमित्तिको ह्यनुबन्धलेाप: Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). antaḥpādam inside a word; explained as पदस्य मध्ये by उव्वटः confer, compare confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) antaḥstha,antaḥsthā feminine. feminine. confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. confer, compare Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. feminine. feminine. antara interval between two phonetic elements when they are uttered one after another; hiatus, pause; वर्णान्तरं परमाणु, R.T. 34; also विरामो वर्णयोर्मध्येप्यणुकालोप्यसंयुते Vyāsaśikṣā; (2) space between two phonetic elements, e. g. स्वरान्तरे explained as स्वरयोरन्तरे (between two vowels) by Uvvaṭa's Bhāṣya on the Prātiśākhya works. confer, compare antargaṇa a group of words mentioned inside another group of words (गण); confer, compare antarhita separated by a dissimilar element; confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) antasthā feminine. antādivadbhāva condition, attributed to a single substitute for the final of the preceding and initial of the succeeding word, of being looked upon either as the final of the preceding word or as the initial of the succeeding word but never as both (the final as well as the initial) at one and the same time; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). antya (1) final letter; अन्ते भवमन्त्यम् (2) final consonant of each of the five groups of consonants which is a nasal अन्त्योनुनासिकः R.T. 17. anyatarasyām optionally; literally anyapadārtha another sense, sense different from what has been expressed by the wording given; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). anvakṣarasaṃdhi a combination of letters according to the order of the letters in the Alphabet; a samdhi or euphonic combination of a vowel and a consonant, called अन्वक्षर-अनुलोमसंधि where a vowel precedes a consonant; and अन्वक्षरप्रतिलोमसंधि where a consonant precedes a vowel, the consonant in that case being changed into the third of its class; एष स्य स च स्वराश्च पूर्वे भवति व्यञ्जनमुत्तरं यदेभ्यः। तेन्वक्षरसेधयेानुलोमाः प्रतिलोमाश्च विपर्यये त एव ।। R Pr. II.8.9 e. g. एष देवः, स देवः and others are instances of अन्वक्षरानुलोमसंधि where विसर्ग after the vowel is dropped; while हलव्यवाड् अग्निः is an instance of अन्वक्षरप्रतिलोमसंधि where the consonant ट् precedes the vowel अ. anvarthasaṃjñā A technical term used in accordance with the sense of its constituent parts; e. g. सर्वनाम, संख्या, अव्यय उपसर्जन,कारक, कर्मप्रवचनीय, अव्ययी-भाव, प्रत्यय, उपपद et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare et cetera, and others anvavasarga relaxation or wide opening of the sound-producing organs as done for uttering a vowel of grave accent. confer, compare ap (1) kṛt affix अ, in the sense of verbal activity (भाव) or any verbal relation (कारक) excepting that of an agent, (कर्तृ) applied to roots ending in ऋ or उ and the roots ग्रह्,वृ,दृ et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example confer, compare confer, compare apakarṣa (1) deterioration of the place or instrument of the production of sound resulting in the fault called निरस्त; confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). apatya a descendent, male or female, from the son or daughter onwards upto any generation; cf तस्यापत्यम् P, IV.1.92. apaśabda corrupt form of a correct word, called म्लेच्छ also; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). api also in addition to; अपि is used sometimes to mean absolute of or ungualified by any condition; confer, compare confer, compare Durgasiṁha's Kātantra-Sūtravṛtti. Kātantra vyākaraṇa Sūtra. apūrva (1) not existing before; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare appayadīkṣita अप्पदीक्षित A famous versatile writer of the sixteenth century A. D. (1530-1600 ), son of रङ्गराजाध्वरीन्द्र a Dravid Brāhmaṇa. He wrote more than 60 smaller or greater treatises mainly on Vedānta, Mimāṁsā, Dharma and Alaṁkāra śāstras; many of his works are yet in manuscript form. The Kaumudi-prakāśa and Tiṅantaśeṣasaṁgraha are the two prominent grammatical works written by him. Paṇdit Jagannātha spoke very despisingly of him. aprayukta not found in popular or current use, exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). abhinidhāna literally confer, compare Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) Ṛktantra Prātiśākhya. abhiniṣṭāna Resonance (of a visarga utterance). abhinihita used in connection with a सन्धि or euphonic combination in which the vowel अ, as a first or a second member, is absorbed into the other member. e. g. रथेभ्यः + अग्रे = रथेभ्योऽग्रे also दाशुषेऽग्रे, where अ of अग्रे is absorbed or merged in ओ of रथेभ्यः or ए of दाशुषे; confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare abhiprāya (1) अभिप्रायसंधि a kind of euphonic combination where the nasal letter न् is dropped and the preceding vowel ( अ ) is nasalised e. g, दधन्याँ यः । स्ववाँ यातु : (2) view, purpose, intention; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare abhivyādāna absorption of a vowel when two long vowels of the same kind come together exempli gratia, for example confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) abhyaṃkara (BHASKARASHASTRI Abhyankar 1785-1870 A. D. ) an eminent scholar of Sanskrit Grammar who prepared a number of Sanskrit scholars in Grammar at Sātārā. He has also written a gloss on the Paribhāṣenduśekhara and another one on the Laghu-Śabdenduśekhara. (VASUDEVA SHASTRI Abhyakar 863-1942 A. D.) a stalwart Sanskrit Pandit, who, besides writing several learned commentaries on books in several Sanskrit Shastras, has written a commentary named 'Tattvādarśa' on the Paribhāṣenduśekhara and another named 'Guḍhārthaprakāśa' on the Laghuśabdenduśekhara. (KASHINATH VASUDEVA Abhyankar, 1890-) a student of Sanskrit Grammar who has written महाभाष्यप्रस्तावना-खण्ड, and जैनेन्द्रपरिभाषावृत्ति and compiled the परिभाषासंग्रह and the present Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar. abhyāhata omission of any sound; a fault of utterance. अम् (1)a technical brief term in Panini's grammar including vowels, semivowels, the letter ह् and nasals; (2) a significant term for the accusative case showing change or substitution or modification: confer, compare Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. person. singular. singular. amara called अमरसिंह an ancient grammarian mentioned in the कविकल्पद्रुम by बोपदेव. He is believed to have written some works on grammar such as षट्कारकलक्षण his famous existing work, however, being the Amarakoṣa or Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana. amṛtasmṛti called also अमृतस्तुति, a commentary on the प्रक्रियाकौमुदी of रामचन्द्रशेष. amoghā also अमोघावृत्ति, a gloss on the grammar of Sākaṭāyana. See अमोघवर्ष a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. ambākartrī commentary on Nāgeśa's Paribhāsenduśekhara named so, as it commences with the words अम्बा कर्त्री et cetera, and others ayogavāha the letters or phonetic elements अनुस्वार,विसर्ग,जिह्वामूलीय, उपध्मानीय and यम called so,as they are always uttered only in combination with another phonetic element or letter such as अ or the like, and never independently; confer, compare Uvvaṭa's Bhāṣya on the Prātiśākhya works. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). arka the strong blowing of air from the mouth at the time of the utterance of the surd consonants; cf Vāj. Śikṣā. 280. artha (1) literally confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. id est, that is confer, compare confer, compare ardhaka a fault in the utterance of a vowel of the kind of abridgment of a long utterance. अर्धह्रस्वम् explained as ह्रस्वस्यार्धम्-half the utterance of the short vowel; confer, compare confer, compare ardhajaratīya a queer combination of half the character of one and half of another, which is looked upon as a fault; confer, compare confer, compare ardhamātrika taking for its utterance the time measured by the utterance of half a mātrā or mora; a consonant, as it requires for its utterance that time which is measured by half a mātrā (mātrā being the time required for the utterance of short अ); confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. al a प्रत्याहार or a short term signifying any letter in the alphabet of Pāṇini which consists of 9 vowels, 4 semivowels, 25 class-consonants, and 4 sibilants. alaukikavigraha the dissolution of a compound not in the usual popular manner. e. g. राजपुरुष: dissolved as राजन् ङस् पुरुष सु, as contrasted with the लौकिकविग्रह viz. राज्ञः पुरुष: । see also अधिहरि dissolved as हरि ङि in the अलौकिकविग्रह. avagraha (1) separation of a compound word into its component elements as shown in the Pada-Pāṭha of the Vedic Saṁhitās. In the Padapāṭha, individual words are shown separately if they are combined by Saṁdhi rules or by the formation of a compound in the Saṁhitāpāṭha; exempli gratia, for example edition Atharvaveda Prātiśākhya. confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). exempli gratia, for example confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. avacana something which need not be specifically prescribed or stated, being already available or valid; cf तृतीयासमासे अर्थग्रहणमनर्थकं अर्थगतिर्हि अवचनात् P. II.1.30 V.1. avarṇa the letter अ; the first letter of the Sanskrit alphabet, comprising all its varieties caused by grades, ( ह्रस्व, दीर्घ, प्लुत) or accents of nasalization. The word वर्ण is used in the neuter gender in the Mahābhāṣya; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Sīradeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti avaśaṃgama name of a Samdhi when a class consonant, followed by any consonant is not changed, but retained as it is; confer, compare Ṛgveda, Ṛk. Saṁh=Ṛgveda-saṁhita. Ṛgveda, Ṛk. Saṁh=Ṛgveda-saṁhita. avighātārtha meant for not preventing the application (of a particular term) to others where it should apply. The word is frequently used in the Kāśikā; cf अजाद्यतष्टाप् । टकारः सामान्यग्रहणाविघातार्थः । Kāś. on P. IV.I.4, also see Kāś. on III.1. 133; III.2,67,73 IV.1.78. avicālin immutable. The term is used frequently in the Mahābhāṣya, in connection with letters of the alphabet which are considered 'nitya' by Grammarians; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). avibhaktika without the application of a case termination.The term is used frequently in connection with such words as are found used by Pāṇini without any case-affix in his Sūtras; sometimes, such usage is explained by commentators as an archaic usage; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Āhnika of the Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). et cetera, and others avibhāgapakṣa a view of grammarians according to which there are words which are looked upon as not susceptible to derivation. The terms अखण्डपक्ष and अव्युत्पन्नपक्ष are also used in the same sense. aviravikanyāya a maxim mentioned by Patañjali in connection with the word आविक where the taddhita affix ठक् (इक), although prescribed after the word अवि in the sense of 'flesh of sheep' (अवेः मांसम्), is actually put always after the base अविक and never after अवि. The maxim shows the actual application of an affix to something allied to, or similar to the base, and not to the actual base as is sometimes found in popular use confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). avilambita name of a fault in pronouncing a word where there is the absence of a proper connection of the breath with the place of utterance; 'अविलम्बितः वर्णान्तरासंभिन्नः' Kaiyaṭa's Mahābhāṣyapradīpa. confer, compare avivakṣā non-intention: connivance; confer, compare confer, compare avivakṣita (1) not taken technically into consideration, not meant: confer, compare aviśeṣita not specified, mentioned without any specific attribute; confer, compare confer, compare avṛddha literally et cetera, and others confer, compare avyakta (1) indistinct; inarticulate; confer, compare confer, compare avyaya indeclinable, literally confer, compare avyayārthanirūpaṇa a work on the meanings of indeclinable words written in the sixteenth century A. D. by Viṭṭhala Śeṣa, grandson of Ramacandra Śeṣa the author of the Prakriyā Kaumudi. avyayībhāva name of a compound so called on account of the words forming the compound, being similar to indeclinables: e. g. निर्मक्षिकम् , अधिहरि, यथामति, यावज्जीवम् et cetera, and others confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). avyavadhāna absence of intervention between two things by something dissimilar; close sequence confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). avyāpya an intransitive root; a technical term in the Cāndra Vyākaraṇa (C. Vy. I.4.70 ) as also in Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana; confer, compare Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. aś (1) Pratyāhāra or a brief term standing for all vowels, semivowels, and the fifth, fourth and third of the class-consonants; all letters excepting the surds and sibilants; (2) substitute अ for the word इदम् before affixes of cases beginning with the instrumental, and for एतद् before the taddhita affix. genitive case singular. aśiṣya unnecessary to be prcscribed or laid down.; confer, compare aṣṭādhyāyī name popularly given to the Sūtrapāṭha of Pāṇini consisting of eight books (adhyāyas) containing in all 3981 Sūtras,as found in the traditional recital, current at the time of the authors of the Kāśika. Out of these 398l Sūtras, seven are found given as Vārtikas in the Mahābhāṣya and two are found in Gaṇapāṭha.The author of the Mahābhāṣya has commented upon only 1228 of these 3981 sūtras. Originally there were a very few differences of readings also, as observed by Patañjali ( see Mbh on I.4.1 ); but the text was fixed by Patañjali which, with a few additions made by the authors of the Kāśika,as observed a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). as (1) case affix of the nominative and accusative plural and the ablative and genitive singular (जस् , शस्, ङसि and ङस् ) (2) taddhita affix अस् ( असि ) added to पूर्व, अधर and अवर, by P.V.3.39: (3) compoundending अस् ( असिच् ) applied to the words प्रजा and मेधा standing at the end of a Bahuvrīhi compound (P.V.4.122): (4) Uṇādi affix अस् prescribed by the rule सर्वधातुभ्योऽसुन् and subsequent rules (628-678) to form words such as मनस्,सरस् et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare asaṃyoga absence of the conjunction of consonants; confer, compare asattva (1) absence of सत्त्व or entity; (2) other than a substance i. e. property, attribute, et cetera, and others confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare asamartha (1) syntactically not connected, e. g. राज्ञः and पुरुषः in the sentence भार्या राज्ञः पुरुषो देवदत्तस्य (2) unable to enter into a compound word, the term is used in connection with a word which cannot be compounded with another word, although related in sense to it, and connected with it by apposition or by a suitable case affix, the reason being that it is connected more closely with another word: confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). exempli gratia, for example asiddha invalid; of suspended validity for the time being: not functioning for the time being. The term is frequently used in Pāṇini's system of grammar in connection with rules or operations which are prevented, or held in suspense, in connection with their application in the process of the formation of a word. The term (असिद्ध) is also used in connection with rules that have applied or operations that have taken place, which are, in certain cases, made invalid or invisible as far as their effect is concerned and other rules are applied or other operations are allowed to take place, which ordinarily have been prevented by those rules which are made invalid had they not been invalidatedition Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. confer, compare a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. aspaṣṭa less in contact with the vocal organ than the semi-vowels; the term occurs in Hemacandra's Grammar (Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. asmad first person; the term is used in the sense of the first person in the grammars of Hemacandra and Śākaṭāyana. confer, compare Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. asvapadavigraha a term used for those compounds, the dissolution of which cannot be shown by the members of the compound: e. g. सुमुखी; confer, compare asva not homogeneous: asavarṇa. confer, compare Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. ākṛti literally confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Āhnika of the Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Āhnika of the Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya. confer, compare aākṛtigaṇa a class or group of words in which some words are actually mentioned and room is left to include others which are found undergoing the same operation; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Padamañjarī, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Haradatta. confer, compare Kaiyaṭa's Mahābhāṣyapradīpa. exempli gratia, for example ākṣipta (1) taken as understood, being required to complete the sense; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) ākhyā designation, conventional name; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare confer, compare aākhyāta verbal form, verb; confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. confer, compare kṛt (affix). kṛt (affix). confer, compare kṛt (affix). confer, compare aāgantuka literally exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Padamañjarī, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Haradatta. āgama augment, accrement, a word element which is added to the primitive or basic word during the process of the formation of a complete word or pada. The āgama is an adventitious word element and hence differs from ādeśa, the substitute which wholly takes the place of the original or ( आदेशिन् ). Out of the several āgamas mentioned by Pāṇini, those that are marked with mute ट् are prefixed, those, marked with क्, are affixed, while those, marked with म्, are placed immediately after the last vowel of the word. The augments become a part and parcel of the word to which they are added, and the characteristics of which they possess;confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). aāṅga an operation prescribed in the section, called aṅgādhikāra, in the the Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). ācāra (1) customary usage of putting or employing words in rules; confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare ācārya preceptor, teacher; a designation usually given to Pāṇini by Patañjali in the Mahābhāṣya; confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare aāṭ (1) augment अा prefixed to roots beginning with a vowel in the imperfect, aorist and conditional, which is always accented (उदात्त); confer, compare exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare exempli gratia, for example ātām Ātmanepada third person dual ending, technically substituted for लकार by P.III.4.78 ātideśika applied by extension or transfer of epithet as opposed to औपदेशिक. See the word अतिदेश; the term is often used in connection with rules or operations which do not apply or occur by the direct expression of the grammarian; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare ātiśāyika a tad-affix in the sense of excellence; a term applied to the affixes तम and इष्ठ as also तर and ईयस् prescribed by Pāṇini by the rules अतिशायने तमबिष्ठनौ and द्विवचनविभज्योपपदे तरबीयसुनौ confer, compare confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). ātmanepada a technical term for the affixes called तड् (त, आताम् et cetera, and others edition aātmanebhāṣa a technical term used for such roots as speak for the agent himself; the term अात्मनेभाष means the same as the term अात्मनेपदिन्. The term अात्मनेभाष is not mentioned by Pāṇini; but the writer of the Vārtikas explains it, confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare ādiṣṭa (1) prescribed for substitution; specified for an operation : confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). ādeśa (1) substitute as opposed to sthānin, the original. In Pāṇini's grammar there is a very general maxim, possessed of a number of exceptions, no doubt, that 'the substitute behaves like the original' (स्थानिवदादेशः अनल्विधौ P.I.1.56.); the application of this maxim is called स्थानिवद्भाव; for purposes of this स्थानिवद्भाव the elision (लोप) of a phonetic element is looked upon as a sort of substitute;confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare confer, compare commentary confer, compare Uvvaṭa's Bhāṣya on the Prātiśākhya works. confer, compare ādeśin that for which a substitute is prescribed; the original, sthānin: confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). ādyantavattva अाद्यन्तवद्भाव, consideration of a single or solitary letter as the initial or the final one according to requirements for opcrations prescribed for the initial or for the final. Both these notions --the initial and the final-are relative notions, and because they require the presence of an additional letter or letters for the sake of being called initial or final it becomes necessary to prescribe आद्यन्तवद्भाव in the case of a single letter; confer, compare confer, compare Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. confer, compare ādhāra receptacle or abode of an action;confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare aādhārādheyabhāva a non-differential relation (अभेदसंसर्ग) between the personal endings तिप् , तस् et cetera, and others confer, compare ādhṛṣīya a sub-division of roots belonging to the चुरादिगण or tenth conjugation beginning with युज् and ending with धृष् which take the Vikaraṇa णिच् optionally id est, that is exempli gratia, for example ānantarya (1) close proximity; absence of any intermediary element generally of the same nature: अनन्तरस्य भावः आनन्तर्यम्; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. id est, that is confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). et cetera, and others confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). ānarthakya absence of any utility; superfluity; absence of any object or purpose; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). ānupūrvī serial order, successive order of grammatical operations or the rules prescribing them as they occur; confer, compare confer, compare ānupūrvya successive order, as prescribed by tradition or by the writer; confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare ānumānika obtained or made out by inference such as Paribhāṣā rules as opposed to Śrauta rules such as the Sūtras of Pāṇini; confer, compare confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. confer, compare aāntaratamya closest affinity; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). aāntarya proximity; close affinity ; close relationship. There are four kinds of such proximity as far as words in grammar are concerned; Re: the organs of speech (स्थानतः)as in दण्डाग्रम्, regarding the meaning(अर्थतः)as in वातण्ड्ययुवतिः, regarding the quality (गुण) as in पाकः रागः, and regarding the prosodial value (प्रमाण) as in अमुष्मै, अमूभ्याम्; confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. confer, compare aānpad word ending with अान् which has the consonant dropped and the preceding आ nasalized; e. g. सर्गा इव सृजतम् Ṛk.Saṁ. VIII. 35. 20, महा इन्द्रः Ṛk Saṁ VI.19.1; confer, compare confer, compare āp (1) common term for the feminine. confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others locative case plural confer, compare aāpatti (1) production; resulting of something into another; change; cf दन्त्यस्य मूर्धन्यापत्तिः नतिः मूर्धन्यापत्तिः मूर्धन्यभावः V. Prāt. I. 42 and Uvaṭa's commentary Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare āpatya patronymic affix such as अण् and others. The term अापत्य, which is the same as the usual term अपत्य in तस्यापत्यम् P.IV.I, is found sometimes used in the Vārttikas and in the Mahābhāṣya; confer, compare āpadeva son of अनन्तदेव, the author of Sphoṭanirūpaṇa (17th cent. A.D.). ābhācchāstra a rule given in the section called आभीयप्रकरण extending from P.VI.4.22 to VI.4.175, wherein one rule or operation is looked upon as invalid to another ; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Vyāḍiparibhāṣāsūcana. ābhīyaprakaraṇa a section of Pāṇini's grammar from VI.4.-2 to VI. 4.129, called अाभीय, as it extends to the rule भस्य VI.4.129, including it but as the governing rule भस्य is valid in every rule upto the end of the Pāda, the आभीयप्रकरण also extends upto the end of the Pāda.See अाभाच्छास्त्र a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. aābhyantaraprayatna internal effort made in producing a sound, as contrasted with the external One called बाह्यप्रयत्न. There are four kinds of internal efforts described in the Kāsikāvrtti.; confer, compare et cetera, and others aāmantrya a word in the vocative case; literally confer, compare confer, compare commentary Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. aāyāma tension of the limbs or organs producing sound, which is noticed in the utterance of a vowel which is accented acute ( उदात्त ) अायामो गात्राणां दैघ्र्यमाकर्षणं वा; commentary confer, compare 1. varia lectio, another reading, confer, compare commentary confer, compare ārdhadhātuka a term used in contrast to the term सार्वधातुक for such verbal and kṛt affixes, as are not personal endings of verbs nor marked with the mute letter श् confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare edition ārdhadhātukādhikāra the topic or section in Pāṇini's grammar where operations, caused by the presence of an ārdhadhātuka affix ahead, are enumerated, beginning with the rule आर्धधातुके VI.4.46 and ending with न ल्यपि VI.4.69, Such operations are summed up in the stanza अतो लोपो चलोपश्च णिलोपश्च प्रयोजनम् । आल्लोप इत्वमेत्वं च चिण्वद्भावश्च सीयुटि; Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). ārṣa derived from the holy sages; founded on sacred tradition, such as the Vedāṅgas;confer, compare commentary confer, compare confer, compare ārhīya tad-affixes ठक्, ठञ् et cetera, and others aāvṛtti repetition, exempli gratia, for example commentary confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Āhnika of the Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya. āsanna nearest, most proximate: confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. āsya (1) place of articulation, the mouth, confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). i (1) the vowel इ, representing all its eighteen forms viz. short, long protracted, acute, grave, circumflex, pure and nasalised; exempli gratia, for example exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare kṛt (affix). confer, compare person. singular. or Ātmanep. Ātmanepada iglakṣaṇavṛddhi the substitution of the vowel called वृद्वि id est, that is id est, that is exempli gratia, for example Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Sīradeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti ic (1) short wording or pratyāhāra for vowels except अ. confer, compare exempli gratia, for example confer, compare iñ (1) kṛt (affix). feminine. exempli gratia, for example confer, compare kṛt (affix). exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare id (1) augment इ prefixed,in general in the case of all roots barring a few roots ending in vowels except ऊ and ऋ and roots शक्, पच्, et cetera, and others confer, compare singular. or Ātmanep. Ātmanepada ṇ (1) short wording or pratyāhāra for all vowels except अ and the consonants ह् ,य् ,व् , र्, ल् confer, compare kṛt (affix). et cetera, and others confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). it (1) a letter or a group of letters attached to a word which is not seen in actual use in the spoken language: cf अप्रयोगी इत्, Śāk. I.1.5, Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare participle. confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare participle. confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare feminine. confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare feminine. confer, compare exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare itaretarayoga mutual relationship with each other. Out of the four senses of the indeclinable च viz. समुच्चय, अन्वाचय, इतरेतरयोग and समाहार, the Dvandva compound is formed of words connected in the last two ways and not in the first two ways. The instances of द्वन्द्व in the sense of इतरेतरयोग are धवखदिरपलाशाः, प्लक्षन्यग्रोधौ etc; confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare Sīradeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti ipha taddhita affix. confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). ir mute indicatory ending of roots, signifying the application of the aorist sign अ(अङ्) optionally;e g. अभिदत् or अभैत्सीत् from the root भिद् (भिदिर् in Dhātupāṭha); confer, compare confer, compare ilac (1) taddhita affix. confer, compare taddhita affix. taddhita affix. et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare ī the long vowel ई which is technically included in the vowel इ in Pāṇini's alphabet being the long tone of that vowel; (2) substitute ई for the vowel अा of the roots घ्रा and ध्मा before the frequentative sign यङ् as for example in जेघ्रीयते, देध्मीयते, confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others locative case exempli gratia, for example confer, compare taddhita affix. confer, compare feminine. confer, compare īka taddhita affix. exempli gratia, for example feminine. confer, compare taddhita affix. confer, compare taddhita affix. exempli gratia, for example confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). exempli gratia, for example confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). taddhita affix. exempli gratia, for example confer, compare īṭ augment ई prefixed to a Sārvadhātuka (strong) affix beginning with a consonant after the roots ब्रू, रु, स्तु, and others exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare
