akathita not mentioned by any other case-relation such as अपादान, संप्रदान and अधिकरण; stated with respect to the indirect object, governed by roots possessing two objects such as दुह्, याच् and others, which in the passive woice is put in the nominative case. The in-direct object is called akathita because in some cases there exists no other case-relation as, for example, in पौरवं गां याचते or भिक्षते, or माणवकं पन्थानं पृच्छति; while, in the other cases, the other case-relations (with the activity expressed by the verb) are wilfully suppressed or ignored although they exist, as for instance in गां दोग्धि पयः, अन्ववरुणद्धि गां व्रजम्; see अकथितं च P.1.4.51 and the Mahābhāṣya thereon. akāra the letter a, (अ) inclusive of all its eighteen kinds caused by shortness, length, protraction, accentuation and nasalization in Pānini's grammar, in cases where a(अ) is not actually prescribed as a termination or an augment or a substitute. confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others Ṛktantra Prātiśākhya. akālaka (1) not limited by any time-factors for its study such as certain periods of the day or the year. (2) not characterized by any technical terms expressive of time such as adyatanī, parokṣā occurring in the ancient Prātiśākhya and grammar works. The term akalika is used by the writers of the Kāśikāvṛtti in connection with the grammar of Pāṇini. confer, compare Padamañjarī, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Haradatta. ativyāpti the same as अतिप्रसङ्ग, which see a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. adravyavācin not expressive of any substance which forms a place of residence (of qualities and actions); confer, compare abhayanandin a reputed jain Grammarian of the eighth century who wrote an extensive gloss on the जैनेन्द्रव्याकरण. The gloss is known as जैनेन्द्रव्याकरणमहावृत्ति of which वृहज्जैनेन्द्रव्याकरण appears to be another name. abhividhi inclusive extension to a particular limit; inclusive limit confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare avadhi limit,which is either exclusive or inclusive of the particular rule or word which characterizes it: confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). avaśiṣṭaliṅga (v.1. अविशिष्टलिङ्ग) a term occurring in the liṅgānuśāsana meaning 'possessed of such genders as have not been mentioned already either singly or by combination' id est, that is id est, that is ānupūrvī serial order, successive order of grammatical operations or the rules prescribing them as they occur; confer, compare confer, compare ānupūrvya successive order, as prescribed by tradition or by the writer; confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare īyas tad-affix ईयसुन् , showing superiority or excellence of one individual over another in respect of a quality, added to a substantive expresive of quality; when the substantive ends in the affix तृ, that affix तृ is removed: exempli gratia, for example confer, compare upalakṣaṇa implication, indication: a thing indicatory of another thing. The term is very frequently found in commentary works in connection with a word which signifies something beyond it which is similar to it; the indication is generally inclusive; confer, compare et cetera, and others kartṛ agent of an action, subject; name of a kāraka or instrument in general, of an action, which produces the fruit or result of an action without depending on any other instrument; confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare kartṛyak the affix य of the passive voice where the object functions as the subject: e. g. यक् in लूयते केदारः स्वयमेव; confer, compare koṇḍabhaṭṭa a reputed grammarian who wrote an extensive explanatory gloss by name Vaiyākaraṇabhūṣaṇa on the Vaiyākaraṇasiddhāntakārikā of Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita. Another work Vaiyākaraṇabhūṣaṇasāra. which is in a way an abridgment of the Bhūṣaṇa, was also written by him. Koṇḍabhaṭṭa lived in the beginning of the l7th century. He was the son of Raṅgojī and nephew of Bhaṭṭojī Dīkṣita. He was one of the few writers on the Arthavicāra in the Vyākaraṇaśāstra and his Bhūṣaṇasāra ranks next to the Vākyapadīya of Bhartṛhari. Besides the Bhūṣaṇa and Bhūṣaṇasāra, Koṇḍabhaṭṭa wrote two independent works viz. Vaiyākaraṇsiddhāntadīpika and Sphoṭavāda. ktānta a noun base ending in the kṛt affix क्त; past passive participle; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). gūḍhārthadīpinī a commentary ( वृत्ति ) on the sutras of Panini by Sadasiva Misra who lived in the seventeenth century. ṅīṣ feminine. confer, compare confer, compare exempli gratia, for example confer, compare confer, compare carkarītavṛtta a form of the frequentative or intensive. exempli gratia, for example confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. ciṇ substitute इ causing vrddhi, in the place of the aorist vikarana affix च्लि, prescribed in the case of all roots in the passive voice and in the case of the roots पद्, दीप्, जन् et cetera, and others person. singular. cekīyita the sign य ( यङ् of Panini ) of the frequentative or intensive. The word is mostly used in the Katantra Grammar works confer, compare confer, compare edition ṭhak a very common taddhita affix. edition confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare taddhita affix. et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare taddhita affix. et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare feminine. feminine. dravyavacana expressive of substance as their sense as opposed to गुणवचन; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). dhātu a root; the basic word of a verbal form,defined by the Bhasyakara as क्रियावचनो धातुः or even as भाववचने धातु:, a word denoting a verbal activity. Panini has not defined the term as such, but he has given a long list of roots under ten groups, named dasagani, which includes about 2200 roots which can be called primary roots as contrasted with secondary roots. The secondary roots can be divided into two main groups ( l ) roots derived from roots ( धातुजधातवः ) and (2) roots derived from nouns ( नामधातवः ). The roots derived from roots can further be classified into three main subdivisions : (a) causative roots or णिजन्त, (b) desiderative roots or सन्नन्त, (c) intensive roots or यङन्त and यङ्लुगन्त: while roots derived from nouns or denominative roots can further be divided into क्यजन्त, काम्यजन्त, क्यङन्त, क्यषन्त, णिङन्त, क्विबन्त and the miscellaneous ones ( प्रकीर्ण ) as derived from nouns like कण्डू( कण्ड्वादि ) by the application of the affix यक् or from nouns like सत्य,वेद, पाश, मुण्ड,मिश्र, et cetera, and others et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example exempli gratia, for example confer, compare exempli gratia, for example confer, compare exempli gratia, for example confer, compare exempli gratia, for example confer, compare passive voice. participle. exempli gratia, for example confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare exempli gratia, for example confer, compare passive voice. participle. exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare dhāraṇa (1) suppression of a consonant, out of two successive consonants which is looked upon as a fault of recital; exempli gratia, for example feminine. exempli gratia, for example confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare exempli gratia, for example confer, compare nipāta a particle which possesses no gender and number, and the case termination after which is dropped or elidedition confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) et cetera, and others confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. commentary edition confer, compare edition edition nirvartaka (1) productive, as opposed to expressive; confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). nīk augment नी affixed to the reduplicative syllables of the roots फण्, वञ्च् , स्रंस,ध्वंस्, भ्रंस् कस्, पत्, पद् and स्कन्द् in the intensive; e. g. अापनीफणत्, वनीवच्यते et cetera, and others confer, compare nuk augment न् (l) affixed to the words अन्तर्वत् and पतिवत् before the feminine affix ङीप् e. g. अन्तर्वत्नी, पतिवत्नी, confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare pada a word; a unit forming a part of a sentence; a unit made up of a letter or of letters, possessed of sense; confer, compare confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. confer, compare taddhita affix. et cetera, and others taddhita affix. et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Kātantra vyākaraṇa Sūtra. Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. confer, compare et cetera, and others et cetera, and others id est, that is et cetera, and others parasmaipada a term used in grammar with reference to the personal affixs ति, त: et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare paśyantī name of the second out of the four successive stages in the origination or utterance of a word from the mouth. According to the ancient writers on Phonetics, sound or word ( वाक् ) which is constituted of air ( वायु ) originates at the Mulaadhaaracakra where it is called परा. It then springs up and it is called पश्यन्ती in the second stage. Thence it comes up and is called मध्यमा in the third stage; rising up from the third stage when the air strikes against the vocal chords in the glottis and comes in contact with the different parts of the mouth, it becomes articulate and is heard in the form of different sounds. when it is called वैखरी; confer, compare confer, compare commentary confer, compare Mahābhāṣya-Pradīpoddyota by Nāgeśa. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). pāṇinisūtravṛtti a gloss on the grammer rules of Pāņini. Many glosses were written from time to time on the Sûtras of Pāņini, out of which the most important and the oldest one is the one named Kāśikāvŗtti, written by the joint authors Jayāditya and Vāmana in the 7th century A.D. It is believed that the Kāśikāvŗtti was based upon some old Vŗttis said to have been written by कुणि, निर्लूर, चुल्लि, श्वोभूति, वररुचि and others.Besides Kāśikā,the famous Vŗtti, and those of कुणि,निर्लूर and others which are only reported, there are other Vŗttis which are comparatively modern. Some of them have been printed, while others have remained only in manuscript form. Some of these are : the Bhāșāvŗtti by Purusottamadeva, Vyākaranasudhānidhi by Viśveśvara, Gūdhārthadīpinī by Sadāsivamiśra, Sūtravŗtti by Annambhatta, Vaiyākaraņasarvasva by Dharaņīdhara, Śabdabhūșaņa by Nārāyaņa Paņdita, Pāņinisūtravŗtti by Rāmacandrabhațța Tāre and Vyākaranadīpikā by Orambhațța. There are extracts available from a Sūtravŗtti called Bhāgavŗtti which is ascribed to Bhartŗhari, but, which is evidently written by a later writer (विमलमति according to some scholars) as there are found verses from Bhāravi and Māgha quoted in it as noticed by Sīradeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti puṣkaraṇa a popular term used for the treatise on grammar by an ancient grammarian Apisali. confer, compare pratiloma literally confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) pratihāra excessive contact with the sound-producing organ which is looked upon as a fault; confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) praiṣādi the senses प्रैष 'order to do', अतिसर्ग 'permission to do' and प्राप्तकालता 'fitness of time', as possessed by the potential passive participles; cf विधीयन्ते प्रैषादिषु लोडादयः Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). balādi (1) a class of words headed by the word बल, to which the taddhita affix. et cetera, and others taddhita affix. Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. bhāvavacana (1) expressive of भाव or the completed verbal activity; exempli gratia, for example bhūmādi the limited senses भूमन् (plurality) and others in which भतुप् and other possessive taddhita affixes should take place, and not in the general sense of the 'presence at one place' as also 'the possession by some one individual;' confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). matup taddhita affix. edition et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare taddhita affix. confer, compare a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. manoramā (1) the popular name given to the commentary प्रौढमनेारमा on the Siddhāntakaumudī of भट्टोजीदीक्षित by the author himself the commentary is a scholarly one and very extensive; and its first portion only upto the end of Kāraka is generally read in the Sanskrit Pāṭhaśālās;(2) name of a commentary on the Madhyasiddhāntakaumudī by Rāmasarman; (3) name given to a treatise discussing roots given in the Kātantra Grammar written by रमानाथशर्मा in the sixteenth century. The work is called कातन्त्रधातुवृत्ति also. y (1) the consonant य् with अ added to it merely for the sake of facility in pronunciation; यकार is also used in the same sense: e. g. लिटि वयो यः: P.VI.1.38 confer, compare exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others taddhita affix. et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare et cetera, and others feminine. taddhita affix. et cetera, and others confer, compare et cetera, and others taddhita affix. confer, compare et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare edition confer, compare liṅgānuśāsana literally vacana (1) literally confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. vatī the posssssive affix वत् ( मतुप् ) with feminine. confer, compare vara or वरच् krt affix वर applied to the roots स्था, ईश्, भास्, पिस् and कस्,as also to the intensive base of या in the sense of a habituated agent; e. g. स्थावर, ईश्वर, यायावर et cetera, and others confer, compare vācaka expressive, as contrasted with द्योतक्र, व्यञ्जक, सूचक and भेदक which ७ mean suggestive; the term is used in connection with words which directly convey their sense by denotation, as opposed to words which convey indirectly the sense or suggest it as the prefixes or Nipatas do. vārttikasiddhānta categorical conclusive statements made by the Varttikakara many of which were cited later on as Paribhasas by later writers For details see pp. 212220 Vol. VII, Vyakarana Mahbhasya, D. E. Society's edition. vīpsā complete application to all the different parts; comprehensive inclusion of every part or unit: desire to occupy completely: confer, compare exempli gratia, for example vṛtti (1) treatment, practice of pronunciation; (2) conversion of one phonetic element into another; confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare vaiyākaraṇaśābdabodha import of a sentence according to the grammarians, in which verbal activity occupies a predominant place, and the residing place of the subject as also that of the verbal activity is identical in the active voice, while the object and the verbal activity have got the same place of residence in the passive voice. The other auxiliaries of activity such as the instrument, location and the like, are connected with the verbal activity. The import of the sentence चैत्रः पचति, in short, can be expressed as चैत्रकर्तृका वर्तमानकालिकां पाकक्रिया. vyapadeśivadvacana statement of Vyapadesivadbhava : confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). vyākaraṇamahābhāṣyagūḍhārthadīpinī a brief commentary on the Mahabhasya, written by Sadasiva, son of Nilakantha and pupil of Kamalakara Diksita. The gloss confines itself to the explanations of obscure and difficult passages in the Mahabhasya and criticizes Kaiyata's explanations. vyāpti occupation; presence comprehensive nature; cf व्याप्तिमत्वात्तु शब्दस्य Nir.I.2, where व्याप्ति refers to the permanent presence of the word in the minds of the speaker and the hearer, the word शब्द referring to the नित्यशब्द or स्फोट. vyāptinyāya the general method of taking a comprehensive sense instead of a restricted one in places of doubt; confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. ṣyaṅ taddhita affix. exempli gratia, for example compound et cetera, and others et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare sakarmaka a root which, by virtue of the nature of its meaning id est, that is saliṅga inclusive of the notion of gender; the word is used in connection with the sense of a Pratipadika or a crude base as inclusive of the notion of gender | and number: confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). sārvanāmika literally confer, compare svara (l) vowel, as contrasted with a consonant which never stands by itself independently. The word स्वर is defined generally :as स्वयं राजन्ते ते स्वराः ( Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. Atharvaveda Prātiśākhya. a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. harṣavardvanasvāmin a fairly old grammarian who wrote an extensive metrical compendium on genders named लिङ्गानुशासन on which a commentary was written by a grammarian named शबरस्वासिन्. These grammarians were,of course, different from the reputed king इर्षवर्धन and the ; Mimamsaka शाबरस्वामिन्. haimabṛhannyāsa an extensive critical commentary written by Hemacandra on his own work, Haima Sabdanusasana. See हेमचन्द्र.
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