kauhalīput ra an ancient grammarian referred to in the Taittirīya Prātiśākhya: confer, compare goṇikāput ra a grammarian whose wiew in connection with the correctness of the expressions नेताश्वस्य स्त्रुघ्नं and नेताश्वस्य स्त्रुघ्नस्य is given by the Mahabhasyakara in the words 'both expressions are justified' ( उभयथा गेणिकापुत्रः ). Nagesa has observed that गेोणिकापुत्र is nobody else but the Mahabhasyakara himself; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya-Pradīpoddyota by Nāgeśa. dākṣīput ra literally confer, compare Pāṇini. confer, compare dākṣīput ra literally confer, compare Pāṇini. confer, compare put raṭ(1) the word पुत्र as given in the ancient list of masculine words marked with the mute letter ट् to signify the addition of the feminine. confer, compare confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). akathita not mentioned by any other case-relation such as अपादान, संप्रदान and अधिकरण; stated with respect to the indirect object, governed by roots possessing two objects such as दुह्, याच् and others, which in the passive woice is put in the nominative case. The in-direct object is called akathita because in some cases there exists no other case-relation as, for example, in पौरवं गां याचते or भिक्षते, or माणवकं पन्थानं पृच्छति; while, in the other cases, the other case-relations (with the activity expressed by the verb) are wilfully suppressed or ignored although they exist, as for instance in गां दोग्धि पयः, अन्ववरुणद्धि गां व्रजम्; see अकथितं च P.1.4.51 and the Mahābhāṣya thereon. akṣarasamāmnāya alphabet: traditional enumeration of phonetically independent letters generally beginning with the vowel a (अ). Although the number of letters and the order in which they are stated differ in different treatises, still, qualitatively they are much the same. The Śivasūtras, on which Pāṇini's grammar is based, enumerate 9 vowels, 4 semi-vowels, twenty five class-consonants and 4 | sibilants. The nine vowels are five simple vowels or monothongs (समानाक्षर) as they are called in ancient treatises, and the four diphthongs, (सन्ध्यक्षर ). The four semi-vowels y, v, r, l, ( य् व् र् ल् ) or antasthāvarṇa, the twenty five class-consonants or mutes called sparśa, and the four ūṣman letters ś, ṣ, s and h ( श् ष् स् ह् ) are the same in all the Prātiśākhya and grammar works although in the Prātiśākhya works the semi-vowels are mentioned after the class consonants.The difference in numbers, as noticed, for example in the maximum number which reaches 65 in the VājasaneyiPrātiśākhya, is due to the separate mention of the long and protracted vowels as also to the inclusion of the Ayogavāha letters, and their number. The Ayogavāha letters are anusvāra, visarjanīya,jihvāmulīya, upadhmānīya, nāsikya, four yamas and svarabhaktī. The Ṛk Prātiśākhya does not mention l (लृ), but adding long ā (अा) i (ई) ，ū (ऊ) and ṛ (ऋ) to the short vowels, mentions 12 vowels, and mentioning 3 Ayogavāhas (< क्, = प् and अं) lays down 48 letters. The Ṛk Tantra Prātiśākhya adds the vowel l (लृ) (short as also long) and mentions 14 vowels, 4 semivowels, 25 mutes, 4 sibilants and by adding 10 ayogavāhas viz. 4 yamas, nāsikya, visarjanīya, jihvāmulīya, upadhmānīya and two kinds of anusvāra, and thus brings the total number to 57. The Ṛk Tantra makes a separate enumeration by putting diphthongs first, long vowles afterwards and short vowels still afterwards, and puts semi-vowels first before mutes, for purposes of framing brief terms or pratyāhāras. This enumeration is called varṇopadeśa in contrast with the other one which is called varṇoddeśa. The Taittirīya prātiśākhya adds protracted vowels and lays down 60 letters : The Ṣikṣā of Pāṇini lays down 63 or 64 letters, while the Vājasaneyi-prātiśākhya gives 65 letters. confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). aniyata not subject to any limitation confer, compare anunāsika (a letter) uttered through the nose and mouth both, as different from anusvāra which is uttered only through the nose. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). id est, that is exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare Kātantra vyākaraṇa Sūtra. et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare anubandha a letter or letters added to a word before or after it, only to signify some specific purpose such as (a) the addition of an afix (e. g. क्त्रि, अथुच् अङ् et cetera, and others literally confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. edition antakaraṇa literally confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. apādāna detachment, separation, ablation technical term for अपादानकारक which is defined as ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् in P.I.4.24 and subsequent rules 25 to 3l and which is put in the ablative case; confer, compare abhayanandin a reputed jain Grammarian of the eighth century who wrote an extensive gloss on the जैनेन्द्रव्याकरण. The gloss is known as जैनेन्द्रव्याकरणमहावृत्ति of which वृहज्जैनेन्द्रव्याकरण appears to be another name. alontyavidhi an operation, which, on the strength of its being enjoined by means of the genitive case, applies to the last letter of the wording put in the genitive; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare aviravikanyāya a maxim mentioned by Patañjali in connection with the word आविक where the taddhita affix ठक् (इक), although prescribed after the word अवि in the sense of 'flesh of sheep' (अवेः मांसम्), is actually put always after the base अविक and never after अवि. The maxim shows the actual application of an affix to something allied to, or similar to the base, and not to the actual base as is sometimes found in popular use confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). ācāra (1) customary usage of putting or employing words in rules; confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare aātmanebhāṣa a technical term used for such roots as speak for the agent himself; the term अात्मनेभाष means the same as the term अात्मनेपदिन्. The term अात्मनेभाष is not mentioned by Pāṇini; but the writer of the Vārtikas explains it, confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare āraḍe KRISHNASHASTRI a reputed Naiyāyika of Banaras of the nineteenth century, who wrote, besides many treatises on Nyāya, a short gloss on the Sutras of Pāṇini, called Pāṇini-sūtra-vṛtti. aāropa attribution or imputation of properties which leada to the secondary sense of a word; confer, compare āśubodha (1) name of a work on grammar written by Tārānātha called Tarka-vācaspatī, a reputed Sanskrit scholar of Bengal of the 19th century A.D. who compiled the great Sanskrit Dictionary named वाचस्पत्यकेाश and wrote commentaries on many Sanskrit Shastraic and classical works. The grammar called अाशुबोध is very useful for beginners; (2) name of an elementary grammar in aphorisms written by रामकिंकरसरस्वती, which is based on the Mugdhabodha of Bopadeva. ikpadopasthiti the presence of the word इक् (vowels इ, उ, ऋ and लृ) in a rule, where the operations गुण and वृद्धि are prescribed by putting the words गुण and वृद्धि; exempli gratia, for example confer, compare uccāraṇa pronunciation, enunciation (in the Śāstra). The phrase उच्चारणसामर्थ्यात् is often found used in the Mahābhāṣya and elsewhere in connection with the words of Pāṇini, everyone of which is believed to , have a purpose or use in the Śāstra, which purpose, if not clearly manifest, is assigned to it on the strength (सामर्थ्य) of its utterance; confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare upadhmānīya a letter or a phonetic element substituted for a visarga followed by the first or the second letter of the labial class. Visarga is simply letting the breath out of the mouth. Where the visarga is followed by the first or the second letter of the labial class, its pronunciation is coloured by labial utterance. This coloured utterance cannot be made independently; hence this utterance called 'उपध्मानीय' ( similar to a sound blown from the mouth ) is not put in, as an independent letter, in the वर्णसमाम्नाय attributed to महेश्वर. Patañjali, however, has referred to such dependent utterances by the term अयोगवाहवर्ण. See अयेागवाह; confer, compare upapada literally confer, compare exempli gratia, for example confer, compare confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. uvaṭa also उव्वट or ऊअट a reputed Kaāśmirian scholar and writer who was the son of Vajrata. He wrote many learned commentaries, some of which are known as Bhasyas. Some of his important works are Ṛkprātiśākhyabhāṣya, Vājasaneyī prātiśākhyabhāṣya, Vājasaneyīsamhitābhāṣya, Vedārthadīpika et cetera, and others kartṛ agent of an action, subject; name of a kāraka or instrument in general, of an action, which produces the fruit or result of an action without depending on any other instrument; confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare karman (1) object of a transitive verb, defined as something which the agent or the doer of an action wants primarily to achieve. The main feature of कर्मन् is that it is put in the accusative case; confer, compare confer, compare Kātantra vyākaraṇa Sūtra. Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. et cetera, and others confer, compare a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. confer, compare exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. et cetera, and others et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example confer, compare Padamañjarī, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Haradatta. confer, compare Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. exempli gratia, for example exempli gratia, for example confer, compare Padamañjarī, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Haradatta. confer, compare commentary confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. Durgācārya's commentary on the Nirukta. kārakakārikā possibly another name for the treatise on Kārakas known as कारकचक्र written by Puruṣottamadeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti. kārakacakra (1) written by Puruṣotta madeva a reputed grammarian of Bengal who wrote many works on grammar of which the Bhasavrtti, the Paribhāṣāvṛtti and Jñāpakasamuccya deserve a special mention. The verse portion of the Kārakacakra of which the prose portion appears like a commentary might be bearing the name Kārakakaumudī. kāśikā (1) name given to the reputed gloss (वृत्ति) on the Sūtras of Pāṇini written by the joint authors.Jayāditya and Vāmana in the 7th century A.D. Nothing definitely can be said as to which portion was written by Jayāditya and which by Vamana, or the whole work was jointly written. Some scholars believe that the work was called Kāśikā as it was written in the city of Kāśī and that the gloss on the first five Adhyāyas was written by Jayāditya and that on the last three by Vāmana. Although it is written in a scholarly way, the work forms an excellent help to beginners to understand the sense of the pithy Sūtra of Pāṇini. The work has not only deserved but obtained and maintained a very prominent position among students and scholars of Pāṇini's grammar in spite of other works like the Bhāṣāvṛtti, the Prakriyā Kaumudi, the Siddhānta Kaumudi and others written by equally learned scholars. Its wording is based almost on the Mahābhāṣya which it has followed, avoiding, of course, the scholarly disquisitions occurring here and there in the Mahābhāṣya. It appears that many commentary works were written on it, the wellknown among them being the Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā or Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. koṇḍabhaṭṭa a reputed grammarian who wrote an extensive explanatory gloss by name Vaiyākaraṇabhūṣaṇa on the Vaiyākaraṇasiddhāntakārikā of Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita. Another work Vaiyākaraṇabhūṣaṇasāra. which is in a way an abridgment of the Bhūṣaṇa, was also written by him. Koṇḍabhaṭṭa lived in the beginning of the l7th century. He was the son of Raṅgojī and nephew of Bhaṭṭojī Dīkṣita. He was one of the few writers on the Arthavicāra in the Vyākaraṇaśāstra and his Bhūṣaṇasāra ranks next to the Vākyapadīya of Bhartṛhari. Besides the Bhūṣaṇa and Bhūṣaṇasāra, Koṇḍabhaṭṭa wrote two independent works viz. Vaiyākaraṇsiddhāntadīpika and Sphoṭavāda. kyap kṛt afix य applied to the roots व्रज् and यज् in the sense of 'verbal activity' and to the roots अजू with सम्, षद् with नि et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare kriyāviśeṣaṇa determinant or modifier of a verbal activity; confer, compare nominative case. singular. confer, compare gaṅgādhara [GANGADHARA SHASTRI TELANG] (l) a stalwart grammarian and Sanskrit scholar of repute who was a pupil of Bālasarasvatī of Vārāṇaśī and prepared in the last century a host of Sanskrit scholars in Banaras among whom a special mention could be made of Dr. Thebaut, Dr. Venis and Dr. Gaṅgānātha Jhā. He was given by Government of India the titles Mahāmahopādhyāya and C. I.E. His surname was Mānavallī but he was often known as गङाधरशास्त्री तेलङ्ग. For details, see Mahābhāṣya, D.E. Society Ed.Poona p.p.33, 34; (2)an old scholar of Vyākarana who is believed to have written a commentary on Vikṛtavallī of Vyādi; (3) a comparatively modern scholar who is said to have written a commentary named Induprakāśa on the Śabdenduśekhara; (4) author of the Vyākaraṇadīpaprabhā, a short commentary on the Vyākaraṇa work of Cidrūpāśramin. See चिद्रूपाश्रमिन्. gaṅgeśaśarmā writer of Kātantra-kaumudī possibly different from the reputed Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāa who is looked upon as the founder of the Navyanyāya school of modern Naiyāyikas, and who lived in the twelfth century A. D. gadādharacakravartin the reputed Naiyāyika who wrote numerous works on the Navyanyaya; he has written a few works like व्युत्पत्तिवाद, उपसर्गविचार, कारकनिर्णय, सर्वनामविचार, प्रत्ययविचार on Vyākaraṇa themes although the treatment, as also the style, is logical. gārgya an ancient reputed grammarian and possibly a writer of a Nirukta work, whose views, especially in.connection with accents are given in the Pratisakhya works, the Nirukta and Panini's Astadhyayi. Although belonging to the Nirukta school, he upheld the view of the Vaiyakaranas that all words cannot be derived, but only some of them: cf Nirukta of Yāska. Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. Nirukta of Yāska. Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) ṅit (l) affixes with the mute letter ङ् attached to them either before or after, with a view to preventing the guna and vrddhi substitutes for the preceding इ, उ, ऋ, or लृ, as for example, the affixes चङ्, अङ् and others (2) affixes conventionally called ङित् after certain bases under certain conditions; confer, compare jinendrabuddhi a reputed Buddhist Grammarian of the eighth century who wrote a scholarly commentary on the Kasikavrtti ofJayaditya and Vamana. The commentary is called न्यास or काशिकाविवरणपञ्जिका and the writer is referred to as न्यासकार in many later grammar works Some scholars identify him with पूज्यपाददेवनन्दिन् the writer of the जैनेन्द्रव्याकरण, but this is not possible as पूज्यपाददेवनन्दिन् was a Jain Grammarian who flourished much earlier. ṇic affix इ causing Vrddhi (1) applied to roots of the tenth conjugation ( चुरादिगण ) such as चुर् , चित् et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. confer, compare et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare tadantavidhi a peculiar feature in the interpretation of the rules of Panini, laid down by the author of the Sutras himself by virtue of which an adjectival word, qualifying its principal word, does not denote itself, but something ending with it also; confer, compare et cetera, and others et cetera, and others confer, compare taddhita a term of the ancient prePaninian grammarians used by Panini just like सर्वनामन् or अव्यय without giving any specific definition of it. The term occurs in the Nirukta of Yaska and the Vajasaneyi-Pratisakhya ; confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. confer, compare et cetera, and others et cetera, and others et cetera, and others et cetera, and others a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. tṛtīyā the third case; affixes of the third case ( instrumental case or तृतीयाविभक्ति ) which are placed (1) after nouns in the sense of an instrument or an agent provided the agent is not expressed by the personal-ending of the root; e. g. देवदत्तेन कृतम्, परशुना छिनत्ति: confer, compare confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. id est, that is et cetera, and others confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. taddhita affix. exempli gratia, for example confer, compare exempli gratia, for example confer, compare trimuni (1) the famous three ancient grammarians Panini (the author of the Sutras), Katyayana (the author of the Varttikas), and Patanjali (the author of the Mahabhasya;) (2) the grammar of Panini, called so, being the contribution of the reputed triad of Grammarians. dviḥprayoga doubling, putting a word or word element twice;the words द्वित्व and द्विर्वचन are used in the same sense. dvikarmaka a term used in connection with roots governing two objects or two words in the accusative case, exempli gratia, for example exempli gratia, for example dhātuvṛtti a general term applied to a treatise discussing roots, but specifically used in connection with the scholarly commentary written by Madhavacārya, the reputed scholar and politician at the court of the Vijayanagara kings in the fourteenth century, on the Dhatupatha ot Panini. The work is generally referred to as माधवीया-धातुवृति to distinguish it from ordinary commentary works called also धातुवृत्ति written by grammarians like Wijayananda and others. dhruva (1) fixed,stationary, as contrasted with moving (ध्रुव) which is termed अपादान and hence put in the ablative case; cf ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् P. I. 4.24; (2) repeated sound ( नाद ) of a third or a fourth consonant of the class consonants when it occurs at the end of the first word of a split up compound word; confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) nāgeśa the most reputed modern scholar of Panini's grammar, who was well-versed in other Sastras also, who lived in Benares in the latter half of the seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth century. He wrote many masterly commentaries known by the words शेखर and उद्द्योत on the authoritative old works in the different Sastras, the total list of his small and big works together well nigh exceeding a hundredition Mahābhāṣya-Pradīpoddyota by Nāgeśa. edition patañjali the reputed author of the Mahābhāșya, known as the Pātañjala Mahābhāșya after him. His date is determined definitely as the second century B.C. on the strength of the internal evidence supplied by the text of the Mahābhāșya itselfeminine. confer, compare edition edition paribhāṣenduśekhara the reputed authoritative work on the Paribhasas in the system of Paanini's grammar written by Nagesabhatta in the beginning of the 18th century A.D. at Benares. The work is studied very widely and has got more than 25 commentaries written by pupils in the spiritual line of Nagesa. Well-known among these commentaries are those written by Vaidyanatha Payagunde ( called गदा ), by BhairavamiSra ( called मिश्री), by Raghavendraacaarya Gajendragadakara ( called त्रिपथगा ), by Govindacarya Astaputre of Poona in the beginning of the nineteenth century (called भावार्थदीपिका), by BhaskaraSastri Abhyankar of Satara (called भास्करी ), and by M. M. Vaasudevasaastri Abhyankar of Poona (called तत्त्वादर्श ). Besides these, there are commentaries written by Taatya Sastri Patawardhana,Ganapati Sastri Mokaate, Jayadeva Misra, VisnuSastri Bhat, Vishwanatha Dandibhatta, Harinaatha Dwiwedi Gopaalacarya Karhaadkar, Harishastri Bhagawata, Govinda Shastri Bharadwaja, Naarayana Shastri Galagali, Venumaadhava Shukla, Brahmaananda Saraswati, ManisiSeSaSarma,Manyudeva, Samkarabhatta, Indirapati, Bhimacarya Galagali, Madhavacarya Waikaar, Cidrupasraya, Bhimabhatta, LakSminrsimha and a few others. Some of these works are named by their authors as Tikaas, others as Vyaakhyaas and still others as Tippanis or Vivrtis. pradīpa popular name of the famous commentary on the Mahabhasya of Patanjali written by the reputed grammarian Kaiyata in the eleventh century A. D. The cornmentary is a very scholarly and critical one and really does justice to the well-known compliment given to it, viz. that the Pradipa has kept the Mahabhasya alive which otherwise would have remained unintelligible and consequently become lost. The commentary प्रदीप is based on the commentary महाभाष्यदीपिका,or प्रदीपिका written by Bhartrhari, which is available at present only in a fragmentary form. The Pradipa is to this day looked upon as the single commentary on the Mahabhasya in spite of the presence of a few other commentaries on it which are all thrown into the back-ground by it. prayojya that which is employed or incited or urged; the word which is the subject in the primitive construction and becomes an object in the causal construction, and as a result, which is put in the accusative case being प्रयोज्यकर्म. As, however, the प्रयोज्यकर्म originally occupies the place of the subject in the primitive construction, the term प्रयोज्यकर्ता ( प्रयोज्यश्चासौ कर्ता च ) is often used in connection with it, as contrasted with the term प्रयोजककर्ता which is used with respect to the subject in the causal construction; confer, compare confer, compare prāgdeśa districts of the east especially districts to the east of Ayodhya and Pataliputra, such as Magadha, Vanga and others; nothing can definitely be said as to which districts were called Eastern by Panini and his followers Katyayana and Patanjali. A Varttika given in the Kasika but not traceable in the Mahabhasya defines Pragdesa as districts situated to the east of शरावती (probably the modern river Ravi or a river near that river ): confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. bāhulaka the application of a grammatical rule as a necessity to arrive at some forms in literature especially in the Vedic Literature as also in the works of standard writers, which cannot be explained easily by the regular application of the stated rules; confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others bhaṭṭojī surnamed Diksita; a stalwart grammarian of the Panini system who flourished in the first half of the seventeenth century and wrote many independent books and commentaries such as the Siddhantakaumudi, the Praudhamanorama, the Vaiyakaranasiddhantakarika, the Sabdakaustubha and others. The most reputed work out of these, however, is the Siddhantakaumudi which is very popular even today and which has almost set aside other works of its kind such as the Prakriyakaumudi and others. Bhattoji was a Telagu Brahmana, as generally believed, and although he belonged to the South, he made Varanasi his home where he prepared a school of learned Grammarians. Although he carried on his work silently in Varanasi, he was envied by the reputed rhetorician of his time Pandita Jagannātha, who criticised his work ( Bhattojis work ) named Manorama very severely. See प्रौढमनोरमा a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. bhāṣāvṛtti a short gloss on the Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. Puruṣottamadeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti. confer, compare bhairavamiśra one of the reputed grammarians of the latter half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century who wrote commentaries on several prominent works on grammar. He was the son of भवदेव and his native place was Prayāga. He has written the commentary called Candrakalā on the Laghuśabdenduśekhara, Parikṣā on the Vaiyākaraṇabhũṣanasāra, Gadā called also Bhairavī or Bhairavīgadā on the Paribhāṣenduśekhara and commentaries (popularly named Bhairavī) on the Śabdaratna and Lingānuśāsana. He is reported to have visited Poona, the capital of the Peśawas and received magnificent gifts for exceptional proficiency in Nyāya and Vyākaraṇa. For details see pp. 24 and 25 Vol. VII . Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya D. E. Society's Edition. mallinātha a reputed commentator on many classical poetic and dramatic works, who flourished in the fourteenth century. He was a scholar of Grammar and is believed to have written a commentary on the Śabdenduśekhara and another named न्यासोद्योत on the न्यास of जिनेन्द्रबुद्धि. mahābhāṣya literally Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. confer, compare et cetera, and others edition a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. confer, compare mahābhāṣyadīpikā a very learned old commentary on the Mahabhasya of Patanjali written by the reputed grammarian Bhartrhari or Hari in the seventh century A. D. The commentary has got only one manuscript preserved in Germany available at present, of which photostat copies or ordinary copies are found here and there. The first page of the manuscript is missing and it is incomplete also, the commentary not going beyond the first seven Aahnikas. For details see page 383 Vol. VII Vyaakarana Mahabhasya D. E. Society's edition. metreyarakṣita a recognised scholar of Paninis' grammar who belonged to the Eastern part of India and fourished in the beginning of the twelfth century. As it appears from the name Maitreya Raksita he appears to have been a Buddhist grammarian. Subsequent writers in their works refer to him by the name Raksita alone, as also by the name Maitreya, but very rarely by the name Maitreya Raksita.He wrote many works on grammar of which the 'tantrapradipa'a learned commentary on Jinendrabuddhi's Nyasa on Kasika was a reputed one, which, although available in a fragmentary manuscript form today, has been profusely quoted by prominent grammarians after him. yathānyāsaṃ as it is actually put in the rule or a treatise by the author. The phrase is often used in the Mahaabhaasya when after a long discussion, involving further and further difficulties, the author reverts to the original stand and defends the writing of the sUtra as it stands. सिध्यत्येवमपाणिनीयं तु भवति or सूत्रं भिद्यते । तर्हि यथान्यासमेवास्तु is the usual expression found in the Mahaabhaasya; cf, M.Bh. I.1. Aahnika 1, I.1.1, 9, 20, 62, 65 et cetera, and others yāska a reputed ancient Niruktakara or etymologist, of the 6th century B.C. or even a few centuries before that, whose work, the Nirukta, is looked upon as the oldest authoritative treatise regarding derivation of Vedic words. Yaska was preceded by a number of etymologists whom he has mentioned in his work and whose works he has utilisedition yuktavadbhāva literally taddhita affix. confer, compare confer, compare yugapadadhikaraṇavacanatā denotation of two or more things by one single member by virtue of their being put together in a dvandva compound of two or more words; the grammarians advocate this doctrine stating that in a dvandva compound such as घटपटौ or घटपटम् , the word घट has the capacity of expressing the sense of both घट and पट, which in a sentence घटः पटश्च, it does not possess. Similarly पट also has the capacity of conveying the sense of both पट and घट. Possibly this theory is advocated by grarnmarians, on the analogy of words like पितरौ or मातरौ for मातापितरौ, द्यावा for द्यावापृथिवी and so on; confer, compare rājārāmaśāstrī ( कार्लेकर ) a reputed scholar of Sanskrit grammar who resided at Varanasi and established a school of Sanskrit Grammarians there in the nineteenth century. He wrote a treatise on grammar named शब्दव्युत्पत्तिकौमुदी. rūpātideśa the actual replacement of the original in the place of the substitute by virtue of the rule स्थानिवदादेशोनल्विधौ P. I. 1. 56; one of the two kinds of स्थानिवद्भाव wherein the word-form of the original ( स्थानी ) is put in the place of the substitute (आदेश); the other kind of स्थानिवद्भाव being called कार्यातिदेश by means of which grammatical operations caused by the original ( स्थानी ) take place although the substitute (आदेश) has been actually put in the place of the original. About the interpretation of the rule द्विर्वचनेचि P. I.1.59, the grammarians accept the view of रूपातिदेश; confer, compare confer, compare laghunyāsa (1) short writing, brief putting in, brief expression; confer, compare et cetera, and others vatinirdeśa specific statement by putting the word वत् for the sake of extended application ( अतिदेश ) ; exempli gratia, for example confer, compare varadarāja a scholar of grammar and a pupil of Bhattoji Diksita who flourished in the end of the seventeenth century and wrote abridgments of the Siddhanta-kaumudi for beginners in grammar named लघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी and मध्यसिद्धान्तकौमुदी as also धातुकारिकावली and गीर्वाणपदमञ्जरी. The work under the name सारसिद्धान्तकौमुदी, which is the shortest abridgment, is, in fact, the लघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी itselfeminine. vararuci (1) a reputed ancient grammarian who is identified with Katyayana, the prominent author of the Varttikas on the Sutras of Panini. Both the names वररुचि and कात्यायन are mentioned in commentary works in connection with the Varttikas on the Sutras of Panini, and it is very likely that Vararuci was the individual name of the scholar, and Katyayana his family name. The words कात्य and कात्यायन are found used in Slokavarttikas in the Mahabhasya on P.III.2.3 and III.2.118 where references made are actually found in the prose Varttikas (see कविधेो सर्वत्र प्रसारणिभ्यो ड: P.III. 2. 3 Vart and स्मपुरा भूतमात्रे न स्मपुराद्यतने P.III.2.118 Vart. 1)indicating that the Slokavarttikakara believed that the Varttikas were composed by Katyayana. There is no reference at all in the Mahabhasya to Vararuci as a writer of the Varttikas; there is only one reference which shows that there was a scholar by name Vararuci known to Patanjali, but he was a poet; confer, compare feminine. varavarṇinī name of a commentary on the Paribhsendusekhara written by Guruprasada Sastri, a reputed grammarian of the present cenutry. vākyasaṃskārapakṣa the grammarian's theory that as the individual words have practically no existence as far as the interpretation or the expression of sense is concerned, the sentence alone being capable of conveying the sense, the formation of individual words in a sentence' is explained by putting them in a sentence and knowing their mutual relationship. The word गाम् cannot be explained singly by showing the base गो and the case ending अम् unless it is seen in the sentence गाम् अानय; confer, compare vācya (1) directly expressed (sense) as contrasted with व्यङ्ग्य or ध्वनित: confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare vibhaktipratirūpaka a term applied to such words ending with kṛt affixes as appear similar to words ending with case-affixes; such words have no further case affixes put after them, and hence, they are called by the term 'avyaya'; exempli gratia, for example confer, compare vibhajyānvākhyāna a method of forming a word, or of arriving at the complete form of a word by putting all the constituent elements of the word such as the base, the affix, the augment, the modification, the . accent, et cetera, and others vaiyākaraṇasiddhāntakaimudī an extremely popular work on the subject of Sanskrit grammar written for the use of students, which, although difficult at a few places, enables the students by its careful study to get a command over the subject. and enable him to read other higher works on grammar. The work is based on the Astadhyayi of Panini without omitting a single Sutra. The arrangement of the Sutras is, entirely different, as the author, for the sake of facility in understanding, has divided the work into different topics and explained the Sutras required for the topic by bringing them together in the topic. The main topics or Prakaranas are twelve in number, viz. (1) संज्ञापरिभाषा, (2) पञ्चसंधि, (3) सुबन्त or षड्लिङ्ग, (4) स्त्रीप्रत्यय, (5) कारक, (6) समास, (7) तद्धित, (8) तिङन्त, (9) प्रक्रिया, (10) कृदन्त, (11) वैदिकी and (12) स्वर which are sometimes styled as व्याकरणद्वादशी. The work is generally known by the term सिद्धान्तकौमुदी, or even कौमुदी, and it has got a large number of scholarly and ordinary commentaries as also commentaries on commentaries, all numbering a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. śabdparavipratiṣedha cl,. comparatively superior strength possessed by a word, which in the text of a particular sutra is later than another word, which is put in earlier in the Sutra. This शब्दपरविप्रतिषेधे is contrasted with the standard शास्त्रपरविप्रतिषेध which is laid down by Panini in his rule विप्रतिषेधे परं कार्यम् and which lays down the superior strength of that rule which is put by Panini later on in his Astadhyayi: e. g. in the rule विभाषा गमहनविदविशाम्,it is not the word हन् although occuring earlier, but the word विश् occuring later in the rule, which helps us to decide which विद् should be taken confer, compare confer, compare śarvavarmā a reputed grammarian who is believed to have been a contemporary of the poet Gunadhya in the court of Satavahana. He wrote the Grammar rules which are named the Katantra Sutras which are mostly based on the Sutras of Panini. In the grammar treatise named 'the Katantra Sutra' written by Sarvavarman the Vedic section and all the intricacies and difficult elements are carefully and scrupulously omitted by him, with a view to making his grammar useful for beginners and students of average intelligence. śākaṭāyana (1) name of an ancient reputed scholar of Grammar and Pratisakhyas who is quoted by Panini. He is despisingly referred to by Patanjali as a traitor grammarian sympathizing with the Nairuktas or etymologists in holding the view that all substantives are derivable and can be derived from roots; cf तत्र नामान्याख्यातजानीति शाकटायनो नैरुक्तसमयश्च Nir.I.12: cf also नाम च धातुजमाह निरुक्ते व्याकरणे शकटस्य च तोकम् M. Bh on P.III.3.1. Sakatayana is believed to have been the author of the Unadisutrapatha as also of the RkTantra Pratisakhya of the Samaveda ; (2) name of a Jain grammarian named पाल्यकीर्ति शाकटायन who lived in the ninth century during the reign of the Rastrakuta king Amoghavarsa and wrote the Sabdanusana which is much similar to the Sutrapatha of Panini and introduced a new System of Grammar. His work named the Sabdanusasana consists of four chapters which are arranged in the form of topics, which are named सिद्धि. The grammar work is called शब्दानुशासन. śeṣa (l) any other senses than what are given a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. confer, compare ṣaṣṭhī the sixth case; the genitive case. This case is generally an ordinary case or विभक्ति as contrasted with कारकविभक्ति. A noun in the genitive case shows a relation in general, with another noun connected with it in a sentence. Commentators have mentioned many kinds of relations denoted by the genitive case and the phrase एकशतं षष्ठ्यर्थाः (the genitive case hassenses a hundred and one in all),. is frequently used by grammarians confer, compare confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare ṣaṣṭhīnirdiṣṭa a word put in the genitive case; a substitute given as connected with a genitive case which replaces the whole word which is put in the genitive case unless the substitute consists of a single letter or is characterized by the mute letter ङ्, confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare saṃdhāraṇa putting very close in utterance; slurring of a phonetic element when it appears as almost suppressed; confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) saṃnidhāpana putting together too close, so that the two phonetic elements which are so placed, coalesce together and result into a third, or one of the two merges into another. sakarmaka a root which, by virtue of the nature of its meaning id est, that is sapūrva together with a word that is put before, and not with any suffix like बहुच् placed before; confer, compare samantabhadra a Jain scholar of great repute who is believed to have written, besides many well-known religious books such as आप्तमीमांसा गन्धहस्तिभाष्य et cetera, and others samānādhikaraṇa words which have got the same individual object ( द्रव्य ) referred to by means of their own sense,and which are put in the same case; co-ordinate words; confer, compare confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. sarvavarman spelt as शर्वबर्मन् also, the reputed author of the Katantra Vyakarana. He is believed to have been a contemporary of the poet Gunadbya at the Satavahana court, and to have revised and redacted the Katantra Sutras already existing for the benefit of his patron. With him began the Katantra school of grammar, the main contribution to which was made by दुर्गसिंहृ who wrote a scholarly gloss on the Katantra Sutras. For details see कातन्त्र, sarvavibhaktyanta literally Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). sahavivakṣā the same as युगपद्विवक्षा,the desire to put quite closely with each other: confer, compare sāmānādhikaraṇya standing in apposition; the word is used many times in its literal sense ' having the same substratum.' For instance, in घटं करोति देवदत्तः, the personal ending ति and देवदत्त are said to be समानाधिकरण. The Samanadhikarana words are put in the same case although, the gender and number sometimes differ. See the word समानाधिकरण. sāmānyagrahaṇa mention of a term in such a general way as would include some varieties or specific forms of it to which the expression put is common: exempli gratia, for example feminine. confer, compare sārasvata name of a grammar work which was once very popular on account of its brevity, believed to have been written in the sutra form by an ancient grammarian named Narendra who is said to have composed 700 sutras under the inspiration of Sarasvati.The exposition of these Sutras by a reputed grammarian named Anubhutisvarupacarya who possibly flourished in the thirteenth century A. D., is known by the name सारस्वतप्रक्रिया which has remained as a text book on grammar to the present day in some parts of India. This प्रक्रिया is popularly known as सारस्वतव्याकरण. The technical terms in this grammar are the current popular ones. siddha (1) established; the term is used in the sense of नित्य or eternal in the Varttika सिद्धे शब्दार्थसंबन्धे where, as Patanjali has observed, the word सिद्ध meaning नित्य has been purposely put in to mark an auspicious beginning of the शब्दानुशासनशास्त्र which commences with that Varttika; confer, compare confer, compare et cetera, and others sīradeva a prominent grammarian of the Eastern part of India who lived in the twelfth century A. D. He was a very sound scholar of Panini's grammar who wrote a few glosses on prominent works in the system. His Paribhasavrtti is a masterly independent treatise among the recognised works on the Paribhasas in which he has quoted very profusely from the works of his predecessors, such as the Kasika, Nyasa, Anunyasa and others. The reputed scholar Maitreya Raksita is more often guoted than others. supsupsamāsa a popular name given to a compound formed of two nouns, which cannot be ordinarily explained by the rules of grammar laid down in definite terms by Panini in II.1.5I to II. 2.29. The so called irregular compounds are explained as formed in accordance with the rule सह सुपा II. 1.4 wherein the word पद presents it self by अनुवृत्ति from सुबामन्त्रिते पराङ्गवत् स्वरे II. . 2, the rule सह सुपा as a result being explained as सुप् सुपा सह समस्यते. As these compounds cannot be put under the topics of अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष and others mentioned by Panini in II. 1.5 to II. 2.29 they are called सुप्सुप्समास or केवलसमास. sthānivadbhāva behaviour of the substitute like the original in respect of holding the qualities of the original and causing grammatical operations by virtue of those qualities. By means of स्थानिवद्भाव,the substitute for a root is,for instance, looked upon as a root; similarly, a noun-base or an affix or so, is looked upon like the original and it can cause such operations or be a recipient of such operations as are due to its being a root or a noun or an affix or the like. This स्यानिवद्भाव cannot be, and is not made also, a universally applicable feature; and there are limitations or restrictions put upon it, the chief of them being अल्विधौ or in the matter of such operations as are caused by the 'property of being a single letter' (अल्विधौ). There are two views regarding this 'behaviour like the original' : (l) supposed behaviour which is only instrumental in causing operations or undergoing them which is called शास्त्रातिदेदा and (2) actual restoration to the form of the original under certain conditions only as prescribed which is called रूपातिदेश. The रूपातिदेश is actually resorted to by some grammarians in the case of the reduplication of roots; confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. sphoṭa name given to the radical Sabda which communicates the meaning to the hearers as different from ध्वनि or the sound in ordinary experience.The Vaiyakaranas,who followed Panini and who were headed by Bhartihari entered into discussions regarding the philosophy of Grammar, and introduced by way of deduction from Panini's grammar, an important theory that शब्द which communicates the meaning is different from the sound which is produced and heard and which is merely instrumental in the manifestation of an internal voice which is called Sphota.स्फुटयतेनेन अर्थः: इति स्फोटः or स्फोटः शब्दो ध्वनिस्तस्य व्यायमादुपजायते Vakyapadiya; confer, compare confer, compare commentary confer, compare confer, compare sphoṭavāda a general name given to treatises discussing the nature of Sphota written by the Vaiyakaranas who defend and establish the theory of Sphota and by the Naiyayikas who criticise the theory. Famous among these works are (l) स्फोटवाद by a stalwart Grammarian Kondabhatta, the author of the Vaiyakaramabhusana and (2) स्फोटवाद by NageSa, the reputed grammarian of the eighteenth century. svaritakaraṇa marking or characterizing by.a svarita accent, as is supposed to have been done by Panini when he wrote down his sutras of grammar as also the Dhatupatha, the Ganapatha and other subsidiary appendixes. Although the rules of the Astadhyayi are not recited at present with the proper accents possessed by the various vowels as given by the Sutrakara, still, by convention and traditional explanation, certain words are to be believed as possessed of certain accents. In the Dhatupatha, by oral tradition the accents of the several roots are known by the phrases अथ स्वरितेतः, अथाद्युदाताः, अथान्तेादात्ताः, अथानुदात्तेत: put therein at different places. In the sutras, a major purpose is served by the circumflex accent with which such words, as are to continue to the next or next few or next many rules, have been markedition confer, compare hṛradatta name of a reputed grammarian of Southern India who wrote a very learned and scholarly commentary, named पदमञ्जरी, on the Kasikavrtti which is held by grammarians as the standard vrtti or gloss on the Sutras of Panini,and studied especially in the schools of the southern grammarians. Haradatta was a Dravida Brahmana, residing in a village on the Bank of Kaveri. His scholarship in Grammar was very sound and he is believed to have commented on many grammarworks.The only fault of the scholar was a very keen sense of egotism which is found in his work, although it can certainly be said that the egotism was not ill-placed and could be justified: confer, compare hareidīkṣita a reputed grammarian of the Siddhantakaumudi school of Panini who lived in the end of the seventeenth century. He was the grandson of Bhattoji Diksita and the preceptor of Nagesabhtta. His commentary named लधुशब्दरत्न, but popularly called शब्दरत्न on Bhattoji Diksita's Praudhamanorama, is widely studied by pupils along with the Praudhamanorama in the Vyakaranapathasalas. There is a work existing in a manuscript form but recentlv taken for printing, mamed 'Brhatsabdaratna ' which has been written by Haridiksita, although some scholars beiieve that it was written by Nagesa who ascribed it to his preceptor. For details see लधुशब्दरत्न. harṣavardvanasvāmin a fairly old grammarian who wrote an extensive metrical compendium on genders named लिङ्गानुशासन on which a commentary was written by a grammarian named शबरस्वासिन्. These grammarians were,of course, different from the reputed king इर्षवर्धन and the ; Mimamsaka शाबरस्वामिन्. huṣkaraṇa the use of the sign-word हुष्, put in the grammar of Apisali according to some grammarians who read हुष्करण for पुष्करण in the Kasikavrtti on P. IV.3.115.
put
mūrtiḥ, pratimā, put talī, put talikā
mṛcchilādinirmitaṃ pratirūpakam।
saḥ yāṃ kāmapi mūrtiṃ nirmāti।
put
dāruput rikā-krīḍā
dāruputrikayā pradarśitā krīḍā।
dāruputrikā-krīḍā asmābhiḥ ānandotsave dṛṣṭā।
put
put talī, dāruput rikā, pāñcālikā, pāñcalikā, pāñcālī, put talikā, śālāṅkī, śālabhañjī, śālabhañjikā, dārustrī, dārugarbhā, kuruṇṭī, añjalikārikā, yāṣā
kāṣṭhasya putrikā।
saḥ puttalīṃ nartayati।
put
mātuleyī, mātulaput rī
mātulasya putrī।
mama mātuleyī kāśyāṃ vasati।
put
pitṛvyaput rī
pitṛvyasya putrī।
duḥśīlā bhīmasya pitṛvyaputrī āsīt।
put
kuput raḥ
kupathagāmī putraḥ।
kuputro jāyeta kadācit kumātā na bhavati।
put
suput raḥ, satput ra
supathagāmī putraḥ।
ekaḥ eva kintu suputraḥ bhavatu।
put
aśvatthāmā, kṛpīsutaḥ, droṇaput raḥ, droṇiḥ
droṇācāryasya putraḥ yaḥ amaraḥ asti iti manyante।
aśvatthāmnaḥ mṛtyoḥ vārtāṃ śrutvā droṇena śastratyāgaḥ kṛtaḥ।
put
hanumān, pavanaput raḥ, pavanasutaḥ, pavanakumāraḥ, añjanīnandanaḥ, āñjaneya, kapīśaḥ, kesarīnandanaḥ, vātātmajaḥ, mārutiḥ, manumān, yogacaraḥ, anilī, hiḍimbāramaṇaḥ, rāmadūtaḥ, arjūnadhvajaḥ, marutātmajaḥ, vātātmajaḥ, anilātmajaḥ, kapīndraḥ
pavanasya putraḥ yaḥ balaśālī tathāca amaraḥ asti।
hanumān rāmasya bhaktaḥ asti।
put
pittam, māyuḥ, palajvalaḥ, tejaḥ, tiktadhātuḥ, uṣmā, agniḥ, analaḥ, śāṇḍilīput raḥ
śarīrasthadhātuviśeṣaḥ yaḥ pittāśaye jāyate tathā ca yaḥ pacanakriyāyāṃ sāhāyyaṃ karoti।
pittaṃ annasya pacanakriyāyāṃ sahāyakam।
put
vairam, vairitā, śatrutā, riput ā, aritā, śātravam, vipakṣatā, dveṣaḥ, vidveṣaḥ, virodhaḥ, vairabhāvaḥ, pratidvandvam, pratipakṣatā, paratā, virodhaḥ
yatra śatrubhāvanā vartate।
dānena vairāṇyapi yānti nāśanam।
put
gaṅgāput raḥ
saḥ brāhmaṇaḥ yaḥ nadītaṭe upaviśya dānaṃ gṛhṇāti।
kāśīnagare gaṅgātaṭe gaṅgāputrāḥ yātribhiḥ arcayanti।
put
pitṛvyaput raḥ
pitṛvyasya putraḥ।
duryodhanaḥ arjunasya pitṛvyaputraḥ āsīt।
put
mātuleyaḥ, mātulaput raḥ
mātulasya putraḥ।
pīyūṣaḥ mama mātuleyaḥ।
put
viṣam, garam, garaḥ, garalam, garadam, bhūgaram, jīvanāghātam, jaṅgulam, jāṅgulam, halāgalam, halāhalaḥ, hālāhālam, pālahalam, halahalam, hāhalam, hāhalaḥ, kālakūṭam, kālakūṭaḥ, kalākulam, kākolam, kākolaḥ, saurāṣṭrikam, dāradaḥ, pradīpanaḥ, brahmaput raḥ, śauktikeyaḥ, vatsanābhaḥ, dhūlakam, nidaḥ, kṣyeḍaḥ
saḥ padārthaḥ yasya prāśanena jīvaḥ vyākulo bhavati mriyate vā।
samudramanthanāt prāptaṃ viṣaṃ śivena pītam।
put
patiḥ, bhartā, svāmī, āryaput raḥ, kāntaḥ, prāṇanāthaḥ, ramaṇaḥ, varaḥ, gṛhī, guruḥ, hṛdayeśaḥ, jāmātā, sukhotsavaḥ, narmakīlaḥ, rataguruḥ, dhavaḥ, pariṇetā, īśvaraḥ, īśitā, adhipatiḥ, netā, parivṛḍhaḥ
striyaḥ pāṇigrahītā।
alakāyāḥ patiḥ adhikārabhraṃśāt svakuṭumbasya pālanaṃ kartum asamarthatvena atīva duḥkhī abhavat।
put
put raḥ, put rakaḥ, sutaḥ, sūnu, tanayaḥ, nandanaḥ, ātmajaḥ, svajaḥ, ātmasambhavaḥ, aṅgajaḥ, śarīrajaḥ, tanujaḥ, tanūjaḥ, tanūjaniḥ, prasūtaḥ, dārakaḥ, kumāraḥ, udvahaḥ
manuṣyāṇāṃ pumān apatyam।
lālayet pañcavarṣāṇi daśa varṣāṇi tāḍayet prāpte tu ṣoḍaśe varṣe putraṃ mitravadācaret।
put
tanayā, kanyā, sutā, ātmajā, duhitā, put rī, kanyakā, nandinī, akṛtā, aṅgajā
strī apatyam।
sa uttarasya tanayām upayeme irāvatīm।
put
gaṅgā, mandākinī, jāhnavī, puṇyā, alakanandā, viṣṇupadī, jahnutanayā, suranimnagā, bhāgīrathī, tripathagā, tistrotāḥ, bhīṣmasūḥ, arghyatīrtham, tīrtharījaḥ, tridaśadīrghikā, kumārasūḥ, saridvarā, siddhāpagā, svarāpagā, svargyāpagā, khāpagā, ṛṣikulyā, haimavratī, sarvāpī, haraśekharā, surāpagā, dharmadravī, sudhā, jahnukanyā, gāndinī, rudraśekharā, nandinī, sitasindhuḥ, adhvagā, ugraśekharā, siddhasindhuḥ, svargasarīdvarā, samudrasubhagā, svarnadī, suradīrghikā, suranadī, svardhunī, jyeṣṭhā, jahnusutā, bhīṣmajananī, śubhrā, śailendrajā, bhavāyanā, mahānadī, śailaput rī, sitā, bhuvanapāvanī, śailaput rī
bhāratadeśasthāḥ pradhānā nadī yā hindudharmānusāreṇa mokṣadāyinī asti iti manyante।
dharmagranthāḥ kathayanti rājñā bhagīrathena svargāt gaṅgā ānītā।
put
churikā, śastrī, asiput rī, asidhenukā, churī, chūrī, chūrīkā, khurī, kṛpāṇikā, dhenuput rī, kṛpāṇī
astraviśeṣaḥ lohasya hastamātraṃ samuṣṭiḥ tīkṣṇapatram।
āmiṣabhakṣakaḥ churikayā māṃsāni chitvā atti।
put
karavālaput rī
kṣurikāprakāraḥ।
dvandve rāmaḥ śyāmasya udare karavālaputrīṃ samprāveśayat।
put
khaḍgaput rikā
khaḍgasya laghurūpam।
tena coraḥ khaḍgaputrikayā prahartaḥ।
put
maṅgalagrahaḥ, maṅgalaḥ, ajapatiḥ, koṇaḥ, ailaḥ, bhaumaḥ, ajapatiḥ, aṅgārakaḥ, lohitāṅgaḥ, raktāṅgaḥ, mahīsutaḥ, āvaneyaḥ, bhūmijaḥ, hemnaḥ, kujaḥ, pṛthvījaḥ, viśvambharāput raḥ
sūryāt caturthaḥ grahaḥ।
śāstrajñāḥ maṅgalagrahaṃ jñātumicchanti।
put
rājaput raḥ, rājasutaḥ, rājatanayaḥ, rājakumāraḥ, nṛpātmajaḥ, nṛpasutaḥ, nṛpaput raḥ, yuvarājaḥ, kumāraḥ
nṛpasya putraḥ।
nepāladeśasya rājaputreṇa rājaparivārasya hatyā kṛtā tathā ca ātmā sīsagulikayā mṛgitaḥ।
put
rājakanyā, nṛpasutā, nṛpātmajā, rājaput rī, rājakumārī, rājatanayā, nṛpātmajā, rājasutā, bhartṛdārikā
nṛpasya sutā।
rājñā rājakanyāyāḥ vivāhaḥ kṛṣakena saha kṛtaḥ।
put
sītā, jānakī, maithilī, vaidehī, urvījā, mahijā, kṣitijā, dharaṇijā, avanisutā, bhaumī, dharaṇīsutā, bhūmijā, bhūmiput rī, bhūsutā, mahisutā, bhūsutā
prabhurāmasya patnī rājā janakasya putrī ca।
sītā ekā ādarśā patnī āsīt।
put
karṇaḥ, rādheyaḥ, vasuṣeṇaḥ, arkanandanaḥ, ghaṭotkacāntakaḥ, cāmpeśaḥ, cāmpādhipaḥ, sūtaput rakaḥ, aṅgarāṭ, rādhāsutaḥ, arkatanayaḥ, aṅgādhipaḥ, arkanandanaḥ
kunteḥ jyeṣṭhaḥ putraḥ yaḥ dānavīraḥ āsīt ।
karṇasya dānavīratāyāḥ kathā janāḥ adhunāpi śṛṇvanti।
put
put rikā, put talī
vastrādibhiḥ vinirmitā mūrtiḥ yayā bālakāḥ krīḍanti।
bālakāḥ putrikayā saha krīḍanti।
put
māyinī, put anā, ḍākinī
mṛtastriyaḥ ātmanaḥ sā avasthā yā gatyābhāvāt aniṣṭāni kāryāṇi karoti।
vijñānayuge'pi naike janāḥ māyinīṃ viśvasanti।
put
put tikā, matkoṭakaḥ, kaṇikā
kīṭaviśeṣaḥ- śvetā pipilī yā kāṣṭha-kargajādīn bhakṣayati।
asya pustakasya pṛṣṭhāni puttikābhiḥ ।
put
devakanyā, devaput rī
devānāṃ kanyā।
purāṇānusāreṇa devakanyā rūpavatī asti।
put
yudhiṣṭhiraḥ, ajātaśatruḥ, śalyāriḥ, dharmaput raḥ, ajamīḍhaḥ
pāṇḍaveṣu jyeṣṭhatamaḥ kunteḥ dharmād jātaḥ putraḥ ca।
vikrāntaḥ satyavāk ca eva rājā pṛthivyām bhaviṣyati। yudhiṣṭhira iti khyātaḥ pāṇḍoḥ prathamajaḥ sutaḥ॥
put
put raghnī
yonirogaviśeṣaḥ।
putraghnyaḥ kāraṇāt garbhadhāraṇā na bhavati।
put
put rikāprasūḥ
kanyāyāḥ mātā।
rādhā putrikāprasūḥ asti yato hi tasyāḥ kanye eva staḥ na putraḥ।
put
put ravat
yasya apatyaṃ vartate।
mahātmā śīlāṃ putravatī bhava iti āśirvacobhiḥ anugṛhītavān।
put
put rārthin
yaḥ putraṃ kāmayate।
mahātmā putrārthinaṃ puruṣaṃ putraprāpteḥ āśīrvacobhiḥ anugṛhītavān।
put
put akam
upakaraṇaviśeṣaḥ yaḥ laghumukhasya pātrasya upari sthāpayitvā ko'pi dravaḥ pātre yojayati।
tena tailaṃ sampuṭe yojanārthe tasya mukhe putakaṃ sthāpitam।
put
snuṣā, put ravadhūḥ
putrasya vadhūḥ।
sītā kausalyāyāḥ snuṣā āsīt।
put
bhāgineyaḥ, svasrīyaḥ, svasriyaḥ, bhaginīput raḥ
bhaginyāḥ putraḥ।
kṛṣṇaḥ kaṃsasya bhāgineyaḥ।
put
bhāgineyī, bhaginīput rī
bhaginyaḥ strī apatyam।
subhadrā kaṃsasya bhāgineyī।
put
bhrātṛjaḥ, bhrātṛput raḥ, bhrātrīyaḥ
bhrātuḥ putraḥ।
bhrātṛjau lavakuśau dṛṣṭvā lakṣmaṇaḥ nananda।
put
mānasaput raḥ
brahmādīnām icchāmātrodbhavaḥ putraḥ;
brahmaṇaḥ sanakaḥ sanandaḥ sanātanaḥ sanatkumāraśca ete catvārāḥ ātmabhavāḥ mānasaputrāḥ santi
put
pāñcālakaḥ, put rakaḥ, kṛtrimaput rakaḥ, cañcāpuruṣaḥ, put talaḥ, pāñcālikā, put rikā, vastraput rikā, put tikā, śālāṅkī, kuruṇṭī, pāñcālī, pañcālī, lepyamayī, pañcālikā, śālabhañjī, śālabhañjīkā
vastrakargajādīkṛtaputtalikā।
pitā pavanasya kṛte ekaṃ pāñcālakam akrīṇāt।
put
amṛtaphalam, cīnarajaput raḥ
vṛkṣaviśeṣaḥ-yasya parṇāni bījapūrasya parṇasadṛśāni santi।
markaṭaḥ amṛtaphalaṃ gacchati।
put
put ravat, put ratulyam
putram iva aputraḥ।
guruḥ śiṣyāya putravat manyate।
put
methikā, methinī, methī, dīpanī, bahuput rikā, bodhinī, gandhabījā, jyotiḥ, gandhaphalā, vallarī, candrikā, manthā, miśrapuṣpā, keravī, kuñcikā, bahuparṇī, pītabījā
ekaḥ kṣupaḥ yasya parṇānāṃ śākaṃ kriyate।
saḥ gṛhasya pṛṣṭhabhāge ekasmin laghukhaṇḍe methikām avapat।
put
methinī, methī, dīpanī, bahuput rikā, bodhinī, gandhabījā, jyotiḥ, gandhaphalā, vallarī, candrikā, manthā, miśrapuṣpā, keravī, kuñcikā, bahuparṇī, pītabījā
ekasya kṣupaviśeṣasya bījam।
methinyāḥ upayogaḥ vyañjanarūpeṇa kriyate।
