cl.7.P. A1. () bhin/atti-, bhintte- (imperfect tense 2. 3. sg./abhinat-; subjunctivebhin/aadaḥ-; imperativebindh/i-; binddhi- [ confer, comparebinddhi-lavaṇā-];cl.1. P.bh/edati-; Potentialbhideyam-; perfect tensebibh/eda-; Aorist , 2. 3. sg.bh/et-abhaitsīt-; bhitthās-; precedingbhitsīṣṭa-grammar; futurebhetsy/ati-, te- etc.; Conditionalabhetsyat-; futurebhettā-grammar; infinitive moodbh/ettav/ai-; bhettum- etc.; ind.p.bhittv/ā-, -bhidya- etc.) , to split, cleave, break, cut or rend asunder, pierce, destroy etc.,; to pass through (as a planet or, comet) ; to disperse (darkness) ; to transgress, violate, (a compact or alliance) etc. ; to open, expand ; to loosen, disentangle, dissolve etc. ; to disturb, interrupt, stop ; to disclose, betray etc. ; to disunite, set at variance ; to distinguish, discriminate : Passive voicebhidy/ate- (Epic also ti-Aoristabhedi- etc.; perfect tensebibhide-), to be split or broken, burst (intrans.) etc. ; to be opened (as a closed hand, eyes etc.) ; to overflow (as water) ; to be loosened, become loose ; to be stopped or interrupted ; to be disclosed or betrayed ; to be changed or altered (in mind), be won over ; to be disunited ; to keep aloof from (instrumental case) ; to be distinguished, differ from (ablative) etc.: Causalbhedayati-, te- (Aoristabībhidat-; confer, compare also bhidāpana-), to cause to split or break etc. ; to split, break, shatter, crush, destroy ; to separate, divide (Seebhedita-) ; to disunite, set at variance, perplex, unsettle (in opinion), seduce, win over : Desiderativeb/ibhitsati-, te-, to wish to break through or disperse or defeat (confer, compare, bibhitsā-): Desiderative of CausalSeebibhedayiṣu-: Intensivebebhidīti- or bebhetti-, to cleave repeatedly [ confer, compareLatin findo; German beissen; English bite.]
-dadhāti-, to surrender any one to (dative case; Aoristsubjunctive 2. dual number-dhātam-) ; to bring upon (dative case) : A1. (rarely P.) to put on or round, put on the furniture of a horse (seeabh/i-hīta-below) etc. ; to cover (a country) with an army ; to cover, protect (AoristPotential 2. plural-dhetana-), etc. ; (in classical Sanskrit generally) to set forth, explain, tell, speak to, address, say, name (seeabh/i-hita-below) : Passive voice-dhīyate-, to be named or called: Causal-dhāpayate-, to cause to name : DesiderativeA1.-dh/itsate-, to intend to cover one's self
to overpower, (imperfect tense 3. plural-adhṛṣṇuvan-) ; (perf. 3. plural-dādhṛ-ṣuḥ-) Causal-dharṣayati-, idem or 'Caus. -dhārayati-, to uphold, maintain '
(infinitive mood-draṣṭum-) to look at: Causal-darśayati-, to show ; to point out, denounce any one (accusative) : Passive voice-dṛś-yate-, to be visible, be in view, appear
-dr/uhyati- (Aoristsubjunctive 3. plural-druhan-; perf. 1. p. -dudr/oha-) to hate, seek to injure or maliciously assail etc.: Desiderative (p. -dudrukṣat-) idem or ' ind.p. having attacked.'
P. A1.-bhinatti- (2. sg.subjunctiveAorist-bhed-; perfect tense-bibheda- etc.; -bibhide-; ind.p.-bhidya- etc.) , to cleave or split asunder, divide, open, pierce, hurt, wound, destroy etc. ; (with locane-) to put out ; (with kham-) to form an aperture, excavate ; (with granthim-) to loose, untie ; to penetrate id est find out, investigate, discover etc.: Passive voice-bhidyate-, to be broken asunder cleave or split open (intrans.)
P.-bhinatti-, to cleave, split asunder, break, pierce, open etc. etc.: Passive voice-bhidyate-, to be broken in pieces, crumble ; to be dissolved, open ; to split, divide (intr.) : Causal of Intensive-bebhidayya-
(L.) m. "destroyer of puloma-", Name ofindra- (who destroyed his father-in-law puloma- in order to avert his imprecation consequent on the violation of his daughter).
P. A1.-bhinatti-, -bhintte-, to break to pieces, split or break completely asunder, pierce, hurt etc. ; to bring into contact, combine, join, mingle etc. ; to associate with (accusative)
P.-bhinatti- (subjunctive-bhin/adat-; Potential 1. sg.-bhideyam-) to break or burst through, break out ; to appear above, become visible, rise up ; to pierce : Passive voice-bhidyate-, to spring open, burst forth ; to shoot open or up, break out, appear
P. A1.-bhinatti-, -bhintte- to split or break in two, break in pieces, cleave asunder, divide, separate, open etc. ; to pierce, sting ; to loosen, untie ; to break, infringe, violate ; to scatter, disperse, dispel, destroy etc. ; to alter, change (the mind) : Passive voice to be split or broken, burst asunder etc. (also P.Conditionalvyabhetsyat-) ; to be changed or altered : Causal-bhedayati-, to cause to split etc. ; to divide, alienate, estrange
भिद् a. (At the end of comp.) Breaking, splitting; destroying &c.; तुरगविचयव्यग्रानुर्वीभिदः U.1.23. -f. 1 Breaking, splitting, dividing. -2 Difference. -3 A sort, kind.
भिद् I.1.P. (भिन्दति) To divide or cut into parts. -II. 7 U. (भिनत्ति, भिन्त्ते, बिभेद, बिभिदे, अभैत्सीत्, अभिनत्, अभिन्त्त, भेत्स्यति-ते, भेत्तुम् भिन्न) 1 To break, cleave, split, cut asunder, rend, pierce, break through or down; अतिशीतलमप्यम्भः किं भिनत्ति न भूभृतः H.3.38; तेषां कथं नु हृदयं न भिनत्ति लज्जा Mu.3.34; Śi.8.39; Ms.3.33; R.8. 93;12.77. -2 To dig or tear up, excavate; U.1.23. -3 To pass through; यदि रोहिण्याः शकटं भिनत्ति रविनन्दनो गगनवीथ्याम् Pt.1.211,212. -4 (a) To divide, separate; द्विधा भिन्ना शिखण्डिभिः R.1.39. (b) To displace; आनन्दजः शोकजमश्रु बाष्पस्तयोरशीतं शिशिरो बिभेद R.14.3. -5 To violate, break, infringe; समयं लक्ष्मणो$भिनत् R.15.94; निहतश्च स्थितिं भिन्दन् दानवो$सौ बलद्विषा Bk.7.68. -6 To remove, take away; धैर्यमभिनदुदितं शिशुना Śi.15.87.
-7 To disturb, interrupt; as in समाधिभेदिन्; असिपत्रवने चैव भिद्यमानानधार्मिकान् Rām.7.21.15. -8 To change, alter; (न) भिन्दन्ति मन्दां गतिमश्वमुख्यः Ku.1.11; or विश्वासोपगमा- दभिन्नगतयः शब्दं सहन्ते मृगाः Ś.1.14. -9 To expand, cause to open or blossom, open; सूर्यांशुभिर्भिन्नमिवारविन्दम् Ku.1.32; नवोषसा भिन्नमिवैकपङ्कजम् Ś.7.16; Me.19. -1 To disperse, scatter, scare away; भिन्नसारङ्गयूथः Ś.1.32; V.1.16. -11 To disjoin, disunite, set at variance; भेत्स्यामि स्वमतेन भेदकुशलो ह्येष प्रतीपं द्विषः Mu.3.13. -12 To loosen, relax, dissolve; पर्यङ्कबन्धं निबिडं बिभेद Ku.3.59. -13 To disclose, divulge. -14 To perplex, distract. -15 To distinguish, discriminate. -16 To explain or to understand; वचांसि योगग्रथितानि साधो न नः क्षमन्ते मनसापि भेत्तुम् Bhāg.5.1.18. -Pass. (भिद्यते) 1 To be split, rent or shivered; धरा धारापातै- र्मणिमयशरैर्भिद्यत इव Mk.5.22. -2 To be divided or separated. -3 To expand, blossom, open. -4 To be loose or relaxed; प्रस्थानभिन्नां न बबन्ध नीविम् R.7.9,66. -5 To be different from (with abl.); न कारणात् स्वाद् बिभिदे कुमारः प्रवर्तितो दीप इव प्रदीपात् R.5.37; U.4. -6 To be destroyed. -7 To be divulged or betrayed, get abroad; षट्कर्णो भिद्यते मन्त्रः &c. Pt.1.99. -8 To be harassed, pained or afflicted. -9 To be frightened or alarmed; अम्भसा भिद्यते सेतुस्तथा मन्त्रो$प्यरक्षितः । पैशुन्याद् भिद्यते स्नेहो वाचा भिद्येत कातरः ॥ Pt.1.12. -1 To separate oneself from, keep aloof from. -Caus. (भेदयति-ते) 1 To split, cleave, divide, tear &c. -2 To destroy, dissolve. -3 To disunite, set at variance. -4 To perplex. -5 To seduce. -Desid. (बिभित्सति-ते) To wish to break &c.
भिद्रम् A thunderbolt.
भिन्द bhinda (न्दि ndi) पालः pālḥ
भिन्द (न्दि) पालः 1 A small javelin thrown from the hand; वानरान् भिन्दिपालैश्च शूलैश्चैव व्यदारयन् Rām.6.42. 45. -2 A sling, an instrument like a sling for throwing stones; उत्काबाणैश्च शतशः भिन्दिपालैश्च भूरिशः Śiva B. 14.2; भिन्दिपालासिपट्टिशैः Parṇāl.4.76.
भिद्यः 1 A rushing river. -2 N. of a particular river; तोयदागम इवोद्ध्यभिद्ययोर्नामधेयसदृशं विचेष्टितम् R.11.8; (see Malli.); Kīr. K.4.58. -द्यम् Splitting, breaking.
अभिदृश् 1 P. To look at, behold. -Caus. 1 To show, point out. -2 To show oneself to, appear before. -pass. 1 To be seen, be visible, appear. -2 To be considered or thought.
अभिद्रु 1 P. 1 (a) To run up to, run near; पयस्यभि- द्रवति भुवं युगावधौ Śi.17.4. (b) To invade, march against, fall upon, attack, assail; मकरन्देन प्रतिहतो जामाता बलात्कारेण अभिद्रवन् Māl.7 laying violent hands on; गजा इवान्यो$न्यमभिद्रवन्तः (वारिधराः) Mk.5.21; Ve.3. -2 To overrun; infest, harass, afflict; जन्ममृत्युजराव्याधिवेदनाभिर- भिद्रुतम् (देहम्) Mb. -3 To come over, pass or run over. -4 To befall. -Caus. To rout, put to flight; पुररक्षानभि- द्राव्य Dk.14.
अभिधर्मः The supreme truth or Metaphysics according to Buddhistic dogmas. -Comp. -पिटकः 'basket of Metaphysics', one of the three sections (पिटक) of Buddhist holy writings which treat of अभिधर्म.
अभिधा 3 U. 1 (a) To say, speak, tell (with acc. rarely with dat.); सा तथ्यमेवाभिहिता भवेन Ku.3.63; Ms.1.42; Bk.7.78. य इदं परमं गुह्यं मद्भक्तेष्वभिधास्यति Bg.18.68. (b) To denote, express or convey directly or primarily (as sense &c.); state, mention, set forth; साक्षात्संकेतितं यो$र्थमभिधत्ते स वाचकः K. P.2; तन्नाम येनाभि- दधाति सत्त्वम्. (c) To speak or say to, address. -2 To name, call, designate; usually in pass. (-धीयते); इदं शरीरं कौन्तेय क्षेत्रमित्यभिधीयते Bg.13.1. -3 To lay or put on, fasten, bind; to overlay, load; assail; receive, comprehend, include; to draw oneself towards, hold, support (mostly Ved. in these senses.)
अभिधा a. Ved. Naming; praised, invoked. अभिधा असि भुवनमसि यन्तासि धर्ता Vāj.22.3. n. 1 A name, appellation; oft. in comp.; कुसुमवसन्ताद्यभिधः S. D. -2 A word, sound. -3 The literal power or sense of a word, denotation, one of the three powers of a word; वाच्यो$र्थो$ भिधया बोध्यः S. D.2. "the expressed meaning is that which is conveyed to the understanding by the word's denotation", for it is this अभिधा that conveys to the understanding the meaning which belongs to the word by common consent or convention (संकेत) (which primarily made it a word at all); स मुख्यो$र्थस्तत्र मुख्यो यो व्यापारो$स्याभिधोच्यते K. P.2. -Comp. -ध्वंसिन् a. losing one's name. -मूल a. founded on a word's denotation or literal meaning.
अभिधानम् 1 Telling, mentioning, speaking, naming, denotation; एतावतामर्थानामिदमभिधानम् Nir.; गोशब्दस्य वाही- कार्थाभिधानम् S. D. -2 (In gram.) Asserting or predicating something of another, as the subject of an assertion, (which then can be put in the nom. case only); predication, assertion; See P.II.3.2 Sk. -3 A name, appellation, title, designation; अभिधानं तु पश्चात्तस्याहमश्रौषम् K.32; तवाभिधानाद् व्यथते नताननः Ki.1.24; (at the end of comp.) called, named; ऋणाभिधानाद् बन्धनात् R.3.2. -4 An expression, word. -5 Speech, discourse महत्तमा- नामभिधानयोगः Bhāg.1.18.18. -6 A dictionary, vocabulary (of words), lexicon (in these last 4 senses said to be also m.) -7 A song, षट्पादतन्त्रीमधुराभिधानम् Rām.4.28,36. -Comp. -चिन्तामणिः N. of a celebrated
vocabulary of synonyms by Hemachandra. -माला a dictionary. -रत्नमाला N. of a vocabulary of words by Halāyudha. -विप्रतिपत्तिः Incongruence of the word and the sense intended to be conveyed thereby; केयमभिधान- विप्रतिपत्तिर्नाम । यदन्यथाभिधानमन्यथाभिधेयम् । ŚB. on MS. 9.3.13.
अभिधेय pot. p. To be named, mentioned, expressed &c.; वागेव मे नाभिधेयविषयमवतरति त्रपया K.151 words refuse, through shame, to express what I have to say. -2 Nameable, as a category or predicament (in logic); अभिधेयाः पदार्थाः, अभिधेयत्वं पदार्थसामान्यलक्षणम्. -यम् 1 Signification, meaning, sense, import; P.I.1.34 Sk.; स्तुवन्ति गुर्वीमभिधेयसंपदम् Ki.14.5. -2 A substance; -3 The subject-matter; इहाभिधेयं सप्रयोजनम् K. P.1; इति प्रयोजनाभिधेयसंबन्धाः Mugdha. -4 The primary or literal sense of a word (= अभिधा); अभिधेयाविनाभूत- प्रतीतिर्लक्षणोच्यते K. P.2.
अभिध्यै 1 P. (epic 2 P.) 1 To meditate upon, reflect, consider, think of; यदभिध्याम्यहं शश्वच्छुभं वा यदि वा$शुभम् Mb. -2 To covet, wish or desire for; परद्रव्याण्यभि- ध्यायन् Y.3.134.
उद्भिद् a. [उद्-भिद्-क्विप्] 1 Sprouting, germinating, shooting forth. -2 Penetrating. -3 Destroying. -4 Causing to come forth. m. 1 A sprout or shoot (of a plant); अङ्कुरो$भिनवोद्भिदि Ak. -2 A plant; उद्भिदस्तरु- गुल्माद्याः Ak. -3 A spring, fountain. -Comp. -ज a. (उद्भिज्ज) sprouting, germinating (as a plant). (-ज्जः) a plant; उद्भिज्जाः स्थावराः सर्वे बीजकाण्डप्ररोहिणः Ms.1.46. -विद्या the science of Botany.
निर्भिद् 7 U. 1 To tear up, burst or tear asunder, break or pierce through; अनेन निर्भिन्नतनुः स वध्यः V.5.6; Bk.9.67; निर्भिद्योपरि कर्णिकारमुकुलान्यालीयते षट्पदः V.2.23. -2 To disclose, betray, divulge; निर्भिन्नप्रायं रहस्यम् Dk., वृत्तान्तैकदेशं निर्बिभेद ibid; Śi.16.23; U.3.1. -3 To break down, destroy. -4 To ascertain, find out, discover. -5 To excavate. -6 To put out (the eyes).
प्रतिभिद् 7 U. 1 To break through, pierce, penetrate. -2 To disclose, betray. -3 To reproach, abuse, censure; प्रतिभिद्य कान्तमपराधकृतम् Śi.9.58; R.19.22. -4 To reject, disown. -5 To touch, be in close contact with; चन्द्रेण नित्यं प्रतिभिन्नमौलेश्चूडामणेः किं ग्रहणं हरस्य Ku.7.35.
प्रभिद् 7 U. 1 To break, tear, break or tear asunder. -2 To exude (from the temples of an elephant); see प्रभिन्न. -Pass. 1 To be broken to pieces. -2 To bud forth, open, expand (as flowers). -3 To split, divide.
विभिद् 7 U. 1 To break, tear down. -2 To pierce, penetrate. -3 To divide, separate. -4 To interrupt. -5 To scatter, unbind, disperse. -6 To loosen, untie. -7 To alienate, estrange. -8 To infringe, violate. -Pass. To change, become changed. -Caus. 1 To divide, separate. -2 To alienate, estrange. -3 To dispel, remove, drive away or off.
संभिद् 7 U. 1 To break or tear asunder, break to pieces. -2 To mingle, meet, combine, mix, join, bring together; अन्योन्नसंभिन्नदृशां सखीनाम् Māl.1.33; Bk.7.5. -3 To contract, compress.
a. capable of being cleft; fragile, brittle; destroying (--°ree;); mingling or blending with (--°ree;); -ya, m. rushing river; n. breaking in pieces (--°ree;).
a. surrounding; f. appellation, name: -tavya, fp. to be said or announced, -tri, m. one who speaks, -na, n. statement; designation; name; word: -kosa, m. dictionary, -yin, a. saying, speaking; stating, explaining; -dhâvaka, a. hastening up.
f. perforation and defec tion; -bh&isharp;taka, m. a large tree, beleric my robalan (Terminalia Belerica: Br., C.); n. the nut used as a die; -bh&isharp;daka, m. id. (RV., Br., S.); -bh&isharp;shana, a. frightening, terrify ing; m. N. of a noble Râkshasa, brother of Kubera and Râvana, made ruler of La&ndot;kâ by Râma after defeating Râvana; N. of two kings of Cashmere; -bhîshikâ, f. intimida tion, means of terrifying.
f. name, appellation (only --°ree; a.); -abhibhâshana, n. colloquy with (in., --°ree;); -abhivyâhâra, m. simultaneous mention; intercourse with (g.); -abhihâra, m. repetition; -abhyarthayitri, m. suppliant; -abhyâsa, m. vicinity, presence.
This word occurs frequently, from the Rigveda onwards, both in the singular and plural, meaning ‘ die ’ and ‘ dice.’ Dicing, along with horse-racing, was one of the main amusements of the Vedic Indian ; but, despite the frequent mention of the game in the literature, there is considerable difficulty in obtaining any clear picture of the mode in which it was played. (i) The Material.—The dice appear normally to have been made of Vibhīdaka nuts. Such dice are alluded to in both the Rigveda and the Atharvaveda, hence being called ‘brown’ {babhru), and ‘ born on a windy spot.’ In the ritual game of dice at the Agnyādheya and the Rājasūya ceremonies the material of the dice is not specified, but it is possible that occasionally gold imitations of Vibhīdaka nuts were used. There is no clear trace in the Vedic literature of the later use of cowries as dice. (2^ The Number In the Rigveda the dicer is described as leader of a great horde ’ (senānīr mahato gaiiasya), and in another passage the number is given as tri-pañcāśah, an expression which has been variously interpreted. Ludwig, Weber, and Zimmer render it as fifteen, which is grammatically hardly possible. Roth and Grassmann render it as ‘ con¬sisting of fifty-three.’ Liiders takes it as ‘consisting of one hundred and fifty,’ but he points out that this may be merely a vague expression for a large number. For a small number Zimmer cites a reference in the Rigveda to one who fears ‘ him who holds four’ (caturaś cid dadamānāt), but the sense of that passage is dependent on the view taken of the method of playing the game. (3) The Method of Play.—In several passages of the later Samhitās and Brāhmanas lists are given of expressions con¬nected with dicing. The names are Krta, Tretā, Dvāpara, Áskanda, and Abhibhū in the Taittirīya Samhitā.16 In the Vājasaneyi Samhitā, among the victims at the Purusamedha, the kitava is offered to the Aksarāja, the ādinava-darśa to the Krta, the kalpin to the Tretā, the adhi-kalpin to the Dvāpara, the sabhā-sthānu to the Áskanda. The lists in the parallel version of the Taittirīya Brāhmana are kitava, sabhāvin, ādinava- darśa, bahih-sad, and sabhā-sthānu, and Aksarāja, Krta, Tretā, Dvāpara, and Kali. From the Satapatha Brāhmana it appears that another name of Kali was Abhibhū, and the parallel lists in the Taittirīya and Vājasaneyi Samhitās suggest that Abhibhū and Aksarāja are identical, though both appear in the late Taittirīya Brāhmana list. The names of some of these throws go back even to the Rigveda and the Atharvaveda. Kali occurs in the latter, and Luders shows that in a considerable number of passages in the former Krta means a * throw ’ (not ‘ a stake ’ or * what is won ’ ), and this sense is clearly found in the Atharvaveda. Moreover, that there were more throws (ayāh) than one is proved by a passage in the Rigveda, when the gods are compared to throws as giving or destroying wealth. The nature of the throws is obscure. The St. Petersburg Dictionary conjectures that the names given above were applied either to dice marked 4, 3, 2, or 1, or to the sides of the dice so marked, and the latter interpretation is supported by some late commentators. But there is no evidence for the former interpretation, and, as regards the latter, the shape of the Vibhīdaka nuts, used as dice, forbids any side being properly on the top. Light is thrown on the expressions by the descrip- tion of a ritual game at the Agnyādheya and at the Rājasūya ceremonies. The details are not certain, but it is clear that the game consisted in securing even numbers of dice, usually a number divisible by four, the Krta, the other three throws then being the Tretā, when three remained over after division by four; the Dvāpara, when two was the remainder; and the Kali, when one remained. If five were the dividing number, then the throw which showed no remainder was Kali, the Krta was that when four was left, and so on. The dice had no numerals marked on them, the only question being what was the total number of the dice themselves. There is no reason to doubt that the game as played in the Rigveda was based on the same principle, though the details must remain doubtful. The number of dice used was certainly large, and the reference to throwing fours, and losing by one, points to the use of the Krta as the winning throw. The Atharvaveda, on the other hand, possibly knew of the Kali as the winning throw. In one respect the ordinary game must have differed from the ritual game. In the latter the players merely pick out the number of dice required—no doubt to avoid ominous errors, such as must have happened if a real game had been played. In the secular game the dice were thrown, perhaps on the principle suggested by Luders: the one throwing a certain number on the place of playing, and the other then throwing a number to make up with those already thrown a multiple of four or five. This theory, at any rate, accounts for the later stress laid on the power of computation in a player, as in the Nala. No board appears to have been used, but a depression on which the dice were thrown (adhi-devana, devana,dδ irina36), was made in the ground. No dice box was used, but reference is made to a case for keeping dice in (aksā-vapanaZ7). The throw was called graha or earlier grābhaP The stake is called vij. Serious losses could be made at dicing: in the Rigveda a dicer laments the loss of all his property, including his wife. Luders finds a different form of the game Upanisad.
Is the commonest word for ‘horse’ in the Vedic literature. The horse is also called ‘the runner' (atya), ‘the swift’ (arvant), ‘the strong,’ for pulling ([vājin), ‘the runner’ (sapti), and ‘ the speeding ’ (haya). The mare is termed aśvā, atyā, arvatī, vadavā, etc. Horses of various colour were known, dun (harita, hart), ruddy (aruna, arusa, piśañga, rohita), dark brown (śyāυa), white (śveta), etc. A white horse with black ears is mentioned in the Atharvaveda as of special value. Horses were highly prized, and were not rare, as Roth thought, for as many as four hundred mares are mentioned in one Dānastuti (‘Praise of Gifts’). They were on occasion ornamented with pearls and gold. Mares were preferred for drawing chariots because of their swiftness and sureness. They were also used for drawing carts, but were not ordinarily so employed. No mention is made of riding in battle, but for other purposes it was not unknown. Horses were often kept in stalls, and fed there. But they were also allowed to go out to grass, and were then hobbled. They were watered to cool them after racing. Their attendants are frequently referred to (aśva-pāla,u aśva-pa,15 aśva-pati).16 Stallions were frequently castrated (vadhri). Besides reins (;mśmayah), reference is made to halters (aśvābhidhānī),18 and whips (aśvājani).19 See also Ratha. Horses from the Indus were of special value,20 as also horses from the Sarasvatī.
Denotes primarily, it seems, ‘assembly ’ either in peace or in war, when it means an ‘ armed band.’ Its normal sense in the Atharvaveda and later is ‘war,’ ‘battle.’ Little is known of Vedic warfare, but it seems to have been simple. A body of foot soldiers with charioteers composed every army, the two going together, and the foot soldiers being often overthrown by the charioteers, who were doubtless the Kṣatriyas and their foremost retainers. Probably the foot soldiers bore little armour, and used only the bow for offence, as is suggested by the account that Herodotus gives of the Indian contingent of the army with which Xerxes invaded Greece. The nobles, on the other hand, may have had cuirass (Varman), helmet (śiprā), and hand-guard (Hastaghna) as a protection from the friction of the bowstring. On the car was the charioteer, and on his left the warrior (Sārathi, Savya§thā). Riding is never mentioned in war, and would hardly have been suited to Vedic ideas, for the warrior mainly depended on his bow, which he could not have used effectively from horse¬back. The offensive weapon (Áyudha) was practically the bow; spear and sword and axe were very seldom used. Whether there was a strict tribal organization of the host, such as is once alluded to in the Homeric poems, and is also recognized in Germany by Tacitus, is uncertain (cf. Vrāta), but in the Epic relations (Jñāti) fight together, and this rule, no doubt, applied more or less in Vedic times also. Cities were besieged and invested (upa-sad, pra-bhid), probably as a rule by blockade, since the ineffective means of assault of the time would have rendered storming difficult and expensive. Hillebrandt thinks that the pur carisnū of the Rigveda was a kind of chariot; it may—like the Trojan horse—have been an Indian anticipation of the Roman means of assaulting a town. Besides ordinary wars of defence and conquest, raids into neighbouring territory seem to have been frequent and normal, no doubt because of the booty (Udāja, Nirāja) which wai to be won, and which the king had to share with the'people. Banners (Dhvaja) were borne in war, and musical instruments (Dundubhi, Bakura) were used by the combatants.
noun (feminine) a sort (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a wall (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
distinction (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
kind (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
separation (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
species (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
adjective breaking (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
destroying (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
piercing (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
splitting (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 6 parasmaipada) to be changed or altered (in mind) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to be disclosed or betrayed (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to be distinguished (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to be disunited (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to be loosened (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to be opened (as a closed hand) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to be split or broken (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to be stopped or interrupted (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to be won over (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to become loose (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to betray (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to break (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to burst (intrans.) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to cleave (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to cut or rend asunder (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to destroy (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to differ from (abl.) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to disclose (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to discriminate (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to disentangle (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to disperse (darkness) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to dissolve (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to distinguish (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to disturb (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to disunite (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to expand (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to interrupt (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to keep aloof from (instr.) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to loosen (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to open (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to overflow (as water) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to pass through (as a planet) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to pierce (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to set at variance (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to split (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to stop (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to transgress (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to violate (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
adjective breaking (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
brittle (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
destroying (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
divided (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
easily split or broken (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
fragile (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
mingled or mingling with (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
piercing (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
splitting (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
variegated (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (feminine) a kind or species (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
bursting (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
coriander (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
destroying (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
destruction (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
difference (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
distinction (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
separation (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
splitting (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 10 parasmaipada) to denounce any one (acc.) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to point out (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to show (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 1 ātmanepada) to attack (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to infest (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to overrun (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to run up to or near (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (feminine) a word (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
appellation (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
sound (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
the literal power or sense of a word (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 3 ātmanepada) to address (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to bring upon (dat.) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to cover (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to cover (a country) with an army (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to explain (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to name (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to protect (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to put on or round (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to put on the furniture of a horse (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to say (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to set forth (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to speak to (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to surrender any one to (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to tell (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (neuter) a name (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a vocabulary (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
appellation (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
bringing in close connection (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
dictionary (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
expression (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
lexicon (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
manifesting (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
naming (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
putting together (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
speaking (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
speech (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
telling (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
title (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
word (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
adjective denominating (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
expressing (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
expressive of (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
naming (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
speaking (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
telling (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 1 ātmanepada) to attack (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to run up towards (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to rush upon (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 2 ātmanepada) to desire (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to direct one's intention to (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to intend (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to meditate (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to set one's heart upon (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 7 ātmanepada) to appear (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to appear above (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to become visible (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to break or burst through (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to break out (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to pierce (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to rise up (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to shoot open or up (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (neuter) a fountain (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a kind of salt (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a Sāman (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of the Varṣa ruled by Udbhida
spring (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
audbhida Frequency rank 17719/72933
noun (feminine) a plant (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a spring (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a sprout or shoot of a plant (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
fountain (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a Sāman (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
adjective abounding with (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
breaking forth (from the earth) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
bursting through (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
coming or bursting forth (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
germinating (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
overflowing (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
penetrating (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
pouring (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
sprouting (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
adjective breaking through (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
coming forth (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
forcing one's way towards an aim (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
issuing from (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
springing forth (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
victorious (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (neuter) fossil salt (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
water breaking through (the earth and collecting in a mine) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
romaka Frequency rank 9342/72933
noun (masculine) a crow (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a kind of plant (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
an axe (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
Indra (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 6 parasmaipada) to cleave or split asunder (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to destroy (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to discover (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to divide (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to excavate (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to form an aperture (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to hurt (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to investigate (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to loose (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to open (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to penetrate i.e. find out (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to pierce (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to put out (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to untie (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to wound (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 7 parasmaipada) to be indignant with (acc.) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to betray (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to censure (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to disclose (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to penetrate (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to pierce (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to reproach (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 3 parasmaipada) to answer (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to re-absorb (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to reply (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to take or draw back (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 7 parasmaipada) to break (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to cleave (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to drop the musth fluid (elephant)
to open (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to pierce (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to split asunder (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 7 parasmaipada) to pierce (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to shoot through (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to split asunder (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 7 parasmaipada) to alter
to be changed or altered
to break
to break in pieces
to change (the mind)
to cleave asunder
to destroy
to dispel
to disperse
to divide
to infringe
to loosen
to open
to pierce
to scatter
to separate
to split or break in two
to sting
to untie
to violate Frequency rank 4620/72933
verb (class 7 parasmaipada) to associate with (acc.)
to break to pieces
to bring into contact
to combine
to hurt. &e;
to join
to mingle
to pierce
to split or break completely asunder Frequency rank 7624/72933
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