sūtra a short pithy assertion laying down something in a scientific treatise; aphorism; the word is sometimes used in a collective sense in the singular, referring to the whole collection of Sutras or rules; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare aghikārasūtra a superintending aphorism, which gives no meaning of itself where it is mentioned, but gives its meaning in the number of aphorisms that follow: e. gthe rules प्रत्यय:, परश्च and अाद्युदात्तश्च P. III.1.1, 2, 3 or सह सुपा. P.II.1.4. uṇādisūtra ,uṇādisūtra pāṭha the text of the Sūtras which begins with the Sūtras prescribing the affix उण् after the roots कृ, वा, पा, जि, स्वद्, साध् and अश्; cf Uṅādi Sūtras 1.1. for the different versions of the text See उणादि. Similar Sūtras in Kātantra, Āpiśali, Sakaṭāyana and other systems of grammar are also called Uṇādi Sūtras. uṇādisūtra daśapādī the text of the Uṇādi Sūtras divided into ten chapters believed to have been written by शाकटायन. It is printed at the end of the Prakriyā Kaumud and separately also, and is also available in manuscripts with a few differences. Patañjali in his Bhāṣya on P.III.3.1, seems to have mentioned Sakaṭāyana as the author of the Uṇādi Sūtras although it cannot be stated definitely whether there was at that time, a version of the Sūtras in five chapters or in ten chapters or one, completely different from these, as scholars believe that there are many interpolations and changes in the versions of Uṇādi Sūtras available at present. A critical study of the various versions is extremely desirable. uṇādisūtra pañcapādī the text of the Uṇādi Sūtras divided into five chapters which is possessed of a scholarly commentary written by Ujjvaladatta. There is a commentary on it by Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita also. uṇādisūtra vṛtti a gloss on the Uṇādi Sūtras in the different versions. Out of the several glosses on the Uṇādi Sūtras, the important ones are those written by Ujjvaladatta, Govardhana, Puruṣottamadeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti. Durgasiṁha's Kātantra-Sūtravṛtti. utsūtra not consistent with what is taught in rules of a Śāstra; confer, compare kātantrasūtra vṛtti an old Vṛtti on the Kātantra Sūtras ascribed to Vararuci who is, of course, different from Vararuci Kātyāyana. The Vṛtti appears to have been occupying a position similar to that of Durgasiṁha's Kātantra-Sūtravṛtti. gaṇasūtra a statement of the type of a Sūtra in the Gaṇapāṭha of Pāṇini where mention of a word or words in the Gaṇapāṭha is made along with certain conditions; e. g. पूर्वपुरावरo, स्वमज्ञातिधनाख्यायाम् , in the सर्वादिगण, and क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः, तसिलादय: प्राक्पाशपः in the स्वरादिगण. Some of the gaṇasūtras are found incorporated in the Sūtrapāṭha itself Many later grammarians have appended their own gaṇapāṭha to their Sūtrapāṭha. gaṇasūtra vicāra a commentary on the Gaṇapāṭha of Pāṇini written by Mannudeva who flourished in the nineteenth century. cāṅgusūtra a treatise on the grammar Written by चाडगुदास in the Sutra form,which was named वैयाकरणजीवातु by him. padavyavasthāsūtra kārikā a metrical work on the determination of the pada or padas of the roots attributed to Vimalakīrti. padavyavasthāsūtra kārikāṭīkā a short gloss on the पदव्यवस्थासूत्रकारिका written by Udayakīrti, a Jain grammarian pāṇinisūtra called also by the name अष्टक or पाणिनीय-अष्टक; name given to the SUtras of Paanini comprising eight adhyaayaas or books. The total number of SUtras as commented upon by the writers of the Kasika and the Siddhaantakaumudi is 3983. As nine sUtras out of these are described as Vaarttikas and two as Ganasutras by Patanjali, it is evident that there were 3972 SUtras in the Astaka of Paanini according to Patanjali. A verse current among Vaiyakarana schools states the number to be 3996; confer, compare pāṇinisūtra vārtika name given to the collection of explanatory pithy notes of the type of SUtras written. mainly by Kaatyaayana. The Varttikas are generally written in the style of the SUtras, but sometimes they are written in Verse also. The total number of Varttikas is well-nigh a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. confer, compare et cetera, and others pāṇinisūtra vṛtti a gloss on the grammer rules of Pāņini. Many glosses were written from time to time on the Sûtras of Pāņini, out of which the most important and the oldest one is the one named Kāśikāvŗtti, written by the joint authors Jayāditya and Vāmana in the 7th century A.D. It is believed that the Kāśikāvŗtti was based upon some old Vŗttis said to have been written by कुणि, निर्लूर, चुल्लि, श्वोभूति, वररुचि and others.Besides Kāśikā,the famous Vŗtti, and those of कुणि,निर्लूर and others which are only reported, there are other Vŗttis which are comparatively modern. Some of them have been printed, while others have remained only in manuscript form. Some of these are : the Bhāșāvŗtti by Purusottamadeva, Vyākaranasudhānidhi by Viśveśvara, Gūdhārthadīpinī by Sadāsivamiśra, Sūtravŗtti by Annambhatta, Vaiyākaraņasarvasva by Dharaņīdhara, Śabdabhūșaņa by Nārāyaņa Paņdita, Pāņinisūtravŗtti by Rāmacandrabhațța Tāre and Vyākaranadīpikā by Orambhațța. There are extracts available from a Sūtravŗtti called Bhāgavŗtti which is ascribed to Bhartŗhari, but, which is evidently written by a later writer (विमलमति according to some scholars) as there are found verses from Bhāravi and Māgha quoted in it as noticed by Sīradeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti pārṣadasūtra vṛti name given to the works of the type of commentaries written by उव्वट on the old Prātiśākhya books. pūrvasūtra literally confer, compare confer, compare pratyāhārasūtra a term for the fourteen Siva Sutras which are utilized for the formation of Pratyaharas. pratyāhārasūtra vicāra a short treatise explaining the pratyharas अण् , अट्, अश् et cetera, and others phiṭsūtra a small work on accents attributed to Santanava,an ancient Vedic scholar who lived before Patanjali if not before Panini, as the latter has not referred to him. There is an anonymous commentary upon it. bhāṣyasūtra the brief pithy statements in the Mahābhāṣya of the type of the Sūtras or the Vārttikas. These assertions or statements are named 'ișṭi' also. vārttikasūtra the same as वार्तिकवचन which see a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. vṛttisūtra a rule forming the basis of a vrtti, i. e. a rule on which glosses are written, as contrasted with वार्तिकसूत्र or वार्तिक a pithy Sutralike statement composed as an addition or a modification of the original Sutra; confer, compare śivasūtra name given to the fourteen small sutras giving the alphabet which Panini took as the basis of his grammar. The Sivasutras have got a well-known explanation in Verse, named नन्दिकेश्वरकारिका on which there is a commentary of the type of Bhasya by उपमन्यु. The origin of the Sivasutra given by the writer of the Karika is summed up in the stanza नृत्तावसाने नटराजराजो ननाद ढक्कां नवपञ्चवारम् । उद्धर्तुकामः सनकादिसिद्धानेतद् विमर्शे शिवसूत्रजालम् | Nand. 1. samarthasūtra the rule समर्थः पदविधिः P. II. 1.1.confer, compare sūtra kāra the original writer of the sutras; e. g. पाणिनि, शाकटायन, शर्ववर्मन् , हेमचन्द्र and others. In Panini's system, Panini is called Sutrakara, as contrasted with Katyayana,who is called the Varttikakara and Patanjali, who is called the Bhasyakara;confer, compare sūtra pāṭha the text of Panini's Sutras handed down by oral tradition from the preceptor to the pupil. Although it is said that the actual text of Panini was modified from time to time, still it can be said with certainty that it was fixed at the time of the Bhasyakara who has noted a few different readings only. The Sutra text approved by the Bhasyakara was followed by the authors of the Kasika excepting in a few cases. It is customary with learned Pandits and grammarians to say that the recital of the Sutras of Panini was originally a continuous one in the form of a Samhitatext and it was later on, that it was split up into the different Sutras, which explains according to them the variation in the number of Sutras which is due to the different ways of splitting the Sutrapatha. sūtra bheda(l) splitting up of a grammatical rule ( योगविभाग ); (2) change in the wording of a rule; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). sūtra śāṭakanyāya reference to something as present, when, in fact, it is yet to come into existence,on the analogy of the expression अस्य सूत्रस्य शाटकं वय; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). akṣarasamāmnāya alphabet: traditional enumeration of phonetically independent letters generally beginning with the vowel a (अ). Although the number of letters and the order in which they are stated differ in different treatises, still, qualitatively they are much the same. The Śivasūtras, on which Pāṇini's grammar is based, enumerate 9 vowels, 4 semi-vowels, twenty five class-consonants and 4 | sibilants. The nine vowels are five simple vowels or monothongs (समानाक्षर) as they are called in ancient treatises, and the four diphthongs, (सन्ध्यक्षर ). The four semi-vowels y, v, r, l, ( य् व् र् ल् ) or antasthāvarṇa, the twenty five class-consonants or mutes called sparśa, and the four ūṣman letters ś, ṣ, s and h ( श् ष् स् ह् ) are the same in all the Prātiśākhya and grammar works although in the Prātiśākhya works the semi-vowels are mentioned after the class consonants.The difference in numbers, as noticed, for example in the maximum number which reaches 65 in the VājasaneyiPrātiśākhya, is due to the separate mention of the long and protracted vowels as also to the inclusion of the Ayogavāha letters, and their number. The Ayogavāha letters are anusvāra, visarjanīya,jihvāmulīya, upadhmānīya, nāsikya, four yamas and svarabhaktī. The Ṛk Prātiśākhya does not mention l (लृ), but adding long ā (अा) i (ई) ，ū (ऊ) and ṛ (ऋ) to the short vowels, mentions 12 vowels, and mentioning 3 Ayogavāhas (< क्, = प् and अं) lays down 48 letters. The Ṛk Tantra Prātiśākhya adds the vowel l (लृ) (short as also long) and mentions 14 vowels, 4 semivowels, 25 mutes, 4 sibilants and by adding 10 ayogavāhas viz. 4 yamas, nāsikya, visarjanīya, jihvāmulīya, upadhmānīya and two kinds of anusvāra, and thus brings the total number to 57. The Ṛk Tantra makes a separate enumeration by putting diphthongs first, long vowles afterwards and short vowels still afterwards, and puts semi-vowels first before mutes, for purposes of framing brief terms or pratyāhāras. This enumeration is called varṇopadeśa in contrast with the other one which is called varṇoddeśa. The Taittirīya prātiśākhya adds protracted vowels and lays down 60 letters : The Ṣikṣā of Pāṇini lays down 63 or 64 letters, while the Vājasaneyi-prātiśākhya gives 65 letters. confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). aṅ The vikaraṇa before luṅ affixes, substituted for the affix cvi ( च्वि ) in the case of the roots mentioned by Pāṇini in sūtras III.1.52-59:(2) the Vikaraṇapratyaya in Vedic Literature before the benedictive affixes prescribed by Pāṇini in Sūtra III.1.86; (3) kṛt affix in the feminine gender showing verbal activity applied to roots marked with the mute letter ष् and the roots भिद्, छिद् and others. P.III.3 104-106.exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others aṇudicchāstra the rule prescribing cognateness (सावर्ण्य) of letters. The term refers to Pāṇini's sūtra अणुदित्सवर्णस्य चाप्रत्ययः P.I.1.69. The terms ग्रहणकशास्त्र and सवर्णशास्त्र are used in the same sense. anañ a word without the negative particle ( नञ् ) before it, e. g. धेनुरनञि कमुत्पादयति, a sūtra in Āpiśali's grammar quoted in Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). anukaraṇa (1) imitation; a word uttered in imitation of another; an imitative name: confer, compare confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. anuvṛtti repetition or recurrence of a word from the previous to the subsequent rule or rules, which is necessary for the sake of the intended interpretation. The word is of common use in books on Pāṇini's grammar. This recurrence is generally continuous like the stream of a river ( गङ्गास्रोतोवत् ); sometimes however, when it is not required in an intermediate rule, although it proceeds further, it is named मण्डूकप्लुत्यानुवृत्ति. In rare cases it is taken backwards in a sūtra work from a subsequent rule to a previous rule when it is called अपकर्ष. artha (1) literally confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. id est, that is confer, compare confer, compare aśakti incapacity to pronounce words correctly; confer, compare aṣṭādhyāyī name popularly given to the Sūtrapāṭha of Pāṇini consisting of eight books (adhyāyas) containing in all 3981 Sūtras,as found in the traditional recital, current at the time of the authors of the Kāśika. Out of these 398l Sūtras, seven are found given as Vārtikas in the Mahābhāṣya and two are found in Gaṇapāṭha.The author of the Mahābhāṣya has commented upon only 1228 of these 3981 sūtras. Originally there were a very few differences of readings also, as observed by Patañjali ( see Mbh on I.4.1 ); but the text was fixed by Patañjali which, with a few additions made by the authors of the Kāśika,as observed a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). aāgantuka literally exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare Padamañjarī, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Haradatta. āraḍe KRISHNASHASTRI a reputed Naiyāyika of Banaras of the nineteenth century, who wrote, besides many treatises on Nyāya, a short gloss on the Sutras of Pāṇini, called Pāṇini-sūtra-vṛtti. āsanna nearest, most proximate: confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. ujjvaladatta the famous commentator on the Uṅādi sūtras. His work .is called Uṅādisūtravṛtti, which is a scholarly commentary on the Uṅādisūtrapāṭha, consisting of five Pādas. Ujjvaldatta is belived to have lived in the l5th century A.D. He quotes Vṛttinyāsa, Anunyāsa, Bhāgavṛtti et cetera, and others udāttanirdeśa conventional understanding about a particular vowel in the wording of a sūtra being marked acute or Udātta, when ordinarily it should not have been so, to imply that a Paribhāṣā is to be applied for the interpretation of that Sūtra: confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). upagraha a term used by the ancient grammarians in the sense of the Parasmaipada and the Ātmanepada affixes. The word is not found in Pāṇini's Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. upajana literally confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Māheśvarasūtras. Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). feminine. confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare commentary upamanyu (1) the famous commentator on the grammatical verses attributed to Nandikeśvarakārikā. Nandikeśvarakārikā. upamāna standard of comparison. The word is found in the Pāṇinisūtra उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः P.II.I.55 where the Kāśikāvṛtti explains it as उपमीयतेऽनेनेत्युपमानम् । upamita an object which is comparedition upasaṃkhyāna mention, generally of the type of the annexation of some words to words already given, or of some limiting conditions or additions to what has been already statedition confer, compare Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). et cetera, and others edition usi Uṇādi afix उस् applied to the root जन् to form जनुस् confer, compare ūṅ feminine. exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others ṛktantra a work consisting of five chapters containing in all 287 sūtras. It covers the same topics as the Prātiśākhya works and is looked upon as one of the Prātiśākhya works of the Sāma Veda. Its authorship is attributed to Śākaṭāyana according to Nageśa, while औदिव्राज is held as its author by some, and कात्यायन by others. It bears a remarkable similarity to Pāṇini's Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. ekadeśa a part or a portion of the whole;confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare ekācpāda name given by Sīradeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. ekāra the letter ए; looked upon as a diphthong ( संध्यक्षर ) made up of the letters अ and इ. The combination of the two constituent parts is so complete as cannot allow any of the two parts to be independently working for saṁdhi or any other operation with its adjoining letter; cf नाव्यपवृत्तस्य अवयवे तद्विधिर्यथा द्रव्येषु Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). oraṃbhaṭṭ a scholar of grammar of the nineteenth century who wrote a Vṛtti on Pāṇini sūtras called पाणिनिसूत्रवृत्ति. He has written many works on the Pūrvamīmāmsa and other Śāstras. m̐ nāsikya a nasal letter or utterance included among the अयोगवाह letters analogous to anusvāra and yama letters. It is mentioned in the Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya as हुँ इति नासिक्यः on which Uvvaṭa's Bhāṣya on the Prātiśākhya works. Uvvaṭa's Bhāṣya on the Prātiśākhya works. confer, compare Uvvaṭa's Bhāṣya on the Prātiśākhya works. Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). et cetera, and others k (1) taddhita affix. et cetera, and others confer, compare taddhita affix. et cetera, and others confer, compare taddhita affix. exempli gratia, for example confer, compare exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare kan (1) Uṇādi affix as in the words एक, भेक, शल्क etc; (2) taddhita affix. karmaṇipāda name given by Sīradeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. kalāpa (कलाप-व्याकरण) alternative name given to the treatise on grammar written by Sarvavarman who is believed to have lived in the days of the Sātavāhana kings. The treatise is popularly known by the namc Kātantra Vyākaraṇa. The available treatise,viz. Kalpasūtras, is much similar to the Kātantra Sūtras having a few changes and additions only here and there.It is rather risky to say that Kalāpa was an ancient system of grammar which is referred to in the Pāṇini Sūtra कलापिनोण् P. IV.3.108. For details see कातन्त्र. kātantraparibhāṣāpāṭha name given to a text consisting of Paribhāṣāsūtras, believed to have been written by the Sūtrakāra himself as a supplementary portion to the main grammar. Many such lists of Paribhāṣāsūtras are available, mostly in manuscript form, containing more than a hundred Sūtras divided into two main groups-the Paribhāṣā sūtras and the Balābalasūtras. See परिभाषासंग्रह edition kātantrapradīpa a grammar work written by a scholar named Kuśala on the Kātantrasūtravṛtti by Durgasiṁha's Kātantra-Sūtravṛtti. kātya (1) another name sometimes given to Katyāyana to whom is ascribed the composition of the Vārttikas on Pāṇini-sūtras; (2) an ancient writer Kātya quoted as a lexicographer by Kṣīrasvāmin, Hemacandra and other writers. kātyāyana the well-known author of the Vārttikas on the sūtras of Pāṇini. He is also believed to be the author of the Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya and many sūtra works named after him. He is believed to be a resident of South India on the strength of the remark प्रियतद्धिता दाक्षिणात्याः made by Patañjali in connection with the statement 'यथा लौकिकवैदिकेषु' which is looked upon as Kātyāyana's Vārttika. Some scholars say that Vararuci was also another name given to him, in which case the Vārttikakāra Vararuci Kātyāyana has to be looked upon as different from the subsequent writer named Vararuci to whom some works on Prakrit and Kātantra grammar are ascribedition The Volume of the introduction in Marathi to the Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya, written by K. V. Abhyankar and published by the O. E. Society, Poona. kārikā a verse or a line or lines in metrical form giving the gist of the explanation of a topic; confer, compare kālavyavāya interval of time: confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). kumāra (1) Kārtikeya who is believed to havegiven inspiration to the Katantra-sūtrakāra to write the Kātantra-sūtras; (2) named Viṣṇumitra who wrote a commentary on the ऋक्प्रातिशाख्य, kṛdanta the word ending with a kṛt affix; the term कृत् is found used in the sūtras of Pāṇini for कृदन्त; confer, compare krama (1) serial order or succession as contrasted with यौगपद्य or simultaneity. The difference between क्रम and यौगपद्य is given by भर्तृहरि in the line क्रमे विभिद्यते रूपं यौगपद्ये न भिद्यते Vāk. Pad. II. 470. In order to form a word by the application of several rules of grammar, a particular order is generally followed in accordance with the general principle laid down in the Paribhāṣā पूर्वपरनित्यान्तरङ्गापवादानामुत्तरोत्तरं बलीयः, as also according to what is stated in the sūtras असिद्धवदत्राभात्, पूर्वत्रासिद्धम् et cetera, and others et cetera, and others edition confer, compare kriyā action, verbal activity; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) Uvvaṭa's Bhāṣya on the Prātiśākhya works. Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare Kaiyaṭa's Mahābhāṣyapradīpa. Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). khilapāṭha a supplementary recital or enunciation which is taken along with the original enunciation or upadeśa generally in the form of the sūtras. The word is used in the Kāśikā in the sense of one of the texts forming a part of the original text which is called upadeśa; confer, compare confer, compare Padamañjarī, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Haradatta. gaṇa a class of words, as found in the sūtras of Pāṇini by the mention of the first word followed by the word इति; exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others garīyastva greater effort or prolixity of expression which is looked upon as a fault in connection with grammar-works of the sūtra type where every care is taken to make the expression as brief as possible; confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. nyāsa (1) literally confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). et cetera, and others Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. Padamañjarī, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Haradatta. patañjali the reputed author of the Mahābhāșya, known as the Pātañjala Mahābhāșya after him. His date is determined definitely as the second century B.C. on the strength of the internal evidence supplied by the text of the Mahābhāșya itselfeminine. confer, compare edition edition padādhikāra the topic concerning padas id est, that is padārtha meaning of a word, signification of a word; that which corresponds to the meaning of a word; sense of a word. Grammarians look upon both-the generic notion and the individual object as Padārtha or meaning of a word, and support their view by quoting the sūtras of Pāņini जात्याख्यायामेकस्मिन् बहुवचनमन्यतरस्याम् I. 2.58 and सरूपाणामेकशेष एकविभक्तौ I. 2.64; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). parikṛṣṭa dragged to the latter: confer, compare paribhāṣā an authoritative statement or dictum, helping (1) the correct interpretation of the rules (sūtras) of grammar, or (2) the removal of conflict between two rules which occur simultaneously in the process of the formation of words, (पदसिद्धि), or (3) the formation of correct words. Various definitions of the word परिभाषा are given by commentators, the prominent ones beingपरितो व्यापृतां भाषां परिभाषां प्रचक्षते(न्यास);or, परितो भाष्यते या सा परिभाषा प्रकीर्तिता. The word is also defined as विधौ नियामकरिणी परिभाषा ( दुर्गसिंहवृत्ति ). परिभाषा can also be briefiy defined as the convention of a standard author. Purusottamadeva applies the word परिभाषा to the maxims of standard writers, confer, compare manuscript. bhāṣāvṛtti a short gloss on the Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. Puruṣottamadeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti. confer, compare bhāṣya a learned commentary on an original work, of recognised merit and scholarship, for which people have got a sense of sanctity in their mind; generally every Sūtra work of a branch of technical learning (or Śāstra) in Sanskrit has got a Bhāṣya written on it by a scholar of recognised merit. Out of the various Bhāṣya works of the kind given a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. confer, compare bhīmādi a class of words headed by the word भीम in which the Uṇādi affixes म and others, as prescribed by specific Uṇādi sūtras, are found added in the sense of the 'apādāna' case-relation; exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare matuppāda a conventional name given by grammarians to the third pāda of the eighth Adhyāya of Pāṇini's Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. mahānyāsa name of a commentary on the Kāśikāvivaranapanjikā (popularly named Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. lakṣaṇa (1) a rule or a sūtra composed by the ancient Sūtrakāras; the word is very frequently used in this sense by the Bhāşyakāra and later commentators; confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. laghuprakriyā name of a grammar treatise based on the Sabdānuśāsana of Hemacandra written by Vinayavijaya where the sūtras of Hemacandra are arranged in different topics as in the Siddhāntakaumudī of Bhoțțojī. lāghava brevity of expression; expressing in as few words as possible; brevity of thought and conception. About brevity of expression,rules or sūtras of the ancient Sūtrakāras are noteworthy especially those of the grammarian Pāņini, whose brevity of expression is aptly extolled in the familiar expression अर्धमात्रालाघवेन पुत्रोत्सवं मन्यन्ते वैयाकरणा: Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. confer, compare vibhaktipratirūpaka a term applied to such words ending with kṛt affixes as appear similar to words ending with case-affixes; such words have no further case affixes put after them, and hence, they are called by the term 'avyaya'; exempli gratia, for example confer, compare vibhāktisvarapratirūpaka similar in form to a word ending in a case-affix or to a vowel. Such words are looked upon, and are treated as indeclinables exempli gratia, for example et cetera, and others confer, compare et cetera, and others confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). confer, compare vṛtti (1) treatment, practice of pronunciation; (2) conversion of one phonetic element into another; confer, compare confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). confer, compare confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. confer, compare confer, compare confer, compare
sūtra
sūtra m, tantuḥ, tantram, guṇaḥ, sarat, sarit, kubram, cīnaḥ, khātram
karpāsādeḥ nirmitaḥ paṭāvayavaḥ।
kauśasya sūtreṇa etad vastraṃ nirmitam।
sūtra
sūtra granthanasādhanam
sūtragrathanasya sādhanam।
tāntavacakram ekaṃ sūtragranthanasādhanam।
sūtra
rajjuḥ, pāśaḥ, dāma, dāmanī, dāmā, guṇaḥ, sūtra m, śaṇatantuḥ, śaṇasūtra m, sandānam, rasanā, śullam, śulvaḥ, vaṭaḥ, varāṭaḥ, varāṭakaḥ, dorakaḥ
kārpāsādibhiḥ vinirmitaṃ dīrghaṃ tathā ca sūtraṃ yat prāyaḥ bandhanārthe upayujyate।
grāmīṇāḥ coraṃ rajjvā badhnanti।
sūtra
śāsanam, vidhānam, vidhiḥ, ādeśaḥ, anuśāsanam, sūtra m
mānavānām ācāravyavahārāya rājñā śāsanena vā vihitā niyamāvaliḥ yasyāḥ ācaraṇaṃ sarveṣāṃ kṛte āvaśyakam asti tathā ca yasyāḥ anācaraṇād mānavaḥ daṇḍanīyaḥ bhavati।
śāsanāt viparītaṃ kāryaṃ saṃkaṭāya nimantraṇam।
sūtra
brāhmaṇaḥ, dvijaḥ, vipraḥ, dvijottamaḥ, dvijātiḥ, dvijanmā, agrajanmā, bhūdevaḥ, agrajātakaḥ, sūtra kaṇṭhaḥ, jyeṣṭhavarṇaḥ, vaktrajaḥ, maitraḥ, vedavāsaḥ, nayaḥ, ṣaṭkarmā, gurūḥ, brahmā
hindūdharmaśāstrānusāreṇa cāturvarṇyavyavasthāyāṃ prathamasya brāhmaṇavarṇasya ko'pi pumān yasya śāstre nirūpitāḥ dharmāḥ adhyayanaṃ yajanaṃ dānañca santi।
na krudhyet na prahṛṣyet ca mānito'mānitaśca yaḥ। sarvabhūteṣu abhayadastaṃ devā brāhmaṇaṃ viduḥ॥
sūtra
mālā, mālikā, hāraḥ, kaṇṭhamālā, sūtra m, uraḥsūtra m, uraḥsūtrikā, graivam, graiveyam, graiyakam, kaṇṭhabhūṣā, kaṇṭhalatā, lambanam, pralambikā, pralambaḥ, taralaḥ, lalantikā
alaṅkāraviśeṣaḥ galadeśadhāraṇārthaṃ puṣpādibhiḥ śobhitaṃ vartulākāram ābhūṣaṇam।
tasyāḥ kaṇṭhe mālā śobhate।
sūtra
brāhmaṇaḥ, dvijaḥ, vipraḥ, dvijottamaḥ, dvijātiḥ, dvijanmā, agrajanmā, bhūdevaḥ, agrajātakaḥ, sūtra kaṇṭhaḥ, jyeṣṭhavarṇaḥ, vaktrajaḥ, maitraḥ, vedavāsaḥ, nayaḥ, ṣaṭkarmā, gurūḥ, brahmā
hindūdharmaśāstrānusāreṇa cāturvarṇyavyavasthāyāṃ prathamo varṇaḥ yasya śāstranirūpitadharmāḥ adhyayanaṃ yajanaṃ dānañca santi।
brāhmaṇyāṃ brāhmaṇāt jāto brāhmaṇaḥ na saṃśayaḥ। kṣatriyāyāṃ tathaiva vaiśyāyām api caiva hi।
sūtra
vilamba, vilambanam, kālayāpaḥ, kālakṣepaḥ, kṣepaḥ, vikalpaḥ, dīrghasūtra tā, dīrghīkaraṇam
niyata samayāt adhikaḥ samayaḥ।
vilambaḥ jāyate āgacchāmi cintā māstu।
sūtra
vāyadaṇḍaḥ, vemā, vema, vāpadaṇḍaḥ, vāṇadaṇḍaḥ, sūtra yantram, āvāpanam, tantram, tantrayantram, kṛviḥ
sūtrakārasya sādhanaviśeṣaḥ, vastraṃ vāyate anena iti।
vāyadaṇḍena paṭam vāyate।
sūtra
maṅgalasūtra m
kaṇṭhābhūṣaṇaṃ yat vivāhitā vivāhād anantaraṃ saubhagyalakṣaṇam iti matvā kaṇṭhe dhārayati।
bhārate naikeṣu kṣetreṣu maṅgalasūtrasya dhāraṇasya rūḍhīḥ asti।
sūtra
rakṣākaraṇḍakam, rakṣāsūtra m, maṅgalasūtra m
tad sūtram yad māṅlyārthe rakṣārthe vā badhyate।
rakṣākaraṇḍakam asya maṇibandhe na dṛśyate।
[śa.7]
sūtra
tūlapīṭhī, sūtra lā
sūtavayanāya upayuktam upakaraṇam।
sītā tūlapīṭhyā sūtaṃ vayati।
sūtra
snehasūtra m
snehasya sūtram।
asmin parivāre pratyekaḥ manuṣyaḥ snehasūtreṇa baddhaḥ asti।
sūtra
sūtra cakraḥ, tantuvāyacakram, tāntavacakram, tantuvāpacakram
tantuvayanārthe upayujyamānaṃ sacakraṃ yantram।
khādī iti vastraprakāraḥ sūtracakre sūtraṃ vayitvā vinirmitaḥ।
sūtra
tarkuṭī, tarkuḥ, tarkuṭam, sūtra lā
sūtranirmāṇayantracakramadhyasthā kapālanalikā yasyāṃ sūtraṃ tarkyate;
saḥ tarkuṭyā sūtram tarkayati
sūtra
paṭasūtra m, kauśikam
kṛmikośāt prāptaḥ saḥ tantuḥ yaḥ cakasti tathā dṛḍhaḥ asti।
etad paṭasūtrāt vinirmītam vastram asti।
sūtra
mekhalā, kāñcī, kaṭisūtra m
yaḥ sīyate prakṣipyate kāyamadhyabhāge। saḥ prācīnā mekhalā dhārayati।/
ratnānuviddhorṇavamekhalāyā diśaḥ sapatnī bhava dakṣiṇasyāḥ [raghu 6.63]
sūtra
takṣakaḥ, takṣā, sūtra dhāraḥ, tvaṣṭā, kāṣṭhatakṣakaḥ, taṣṭā, sthapatiḥ
yaḥ kāṣṭhāt naikāni vastūni nirmāti।
kuśalena takṣakeṇa etad dvāraṃ nirmitam।
sūtra
japamālā, karamālā, akṣamālā, akṣasūtra m, japasūtra m, smaraṇī
japārthe upayujyamānā mālā।
rādheśyāmaḥ sarvatra japamālayā saha gacchati।
sūtra
śikhāsūtra m
śikhā yajñopavitaṃ ca।
paṇḍitaḥ śikhāsūtraṃ dhārayati।
sūtra
yajñopavītam, yajñopavītakam, upavītam, yajñasūtra m, pavitram, brahmasūtra m, dvijāyanī
hindudharmīyapratikaviśeṣaḥ- hindudharmānusāraṃ upanayanasaṃskāre yajñadhṛtaṃ kārpāsodbhavaṃ vāmaskandhārpitam upavītaṃ yad upanayanād anantaraṃ putraḥ dhārayati।
yajñopavītaṃ kurvīta sūtrāṇi nava tantavaḥ। ekena granthinā tantur dvaguṇos triguṇos tathā॥ [devalaḥ]
sūtra
trasaraḥ, sūtra veṣṭanam, sūtra yantram, tasaraḥ, mallikaḥ, nāḍīcīram
sūtraveṣṭanārthe tantravāyopakaraṇaviśeṣaḥ।
trasareṇa vinā tantravāyopakaraṇaṃ śūnyavat bhavati।
sūtra
sūtra dhāraḥ
nāṭakīyakathāsūtrasūcakaḥ।
raṅgamañcaṃ praviśya sūtradhāreṇa nāṭakam ārabdham।
sūtra
alakaḥ, alakam, āvartaḥ, kamujā, kuntalaḥ, kurulaḥ, keśī, keśamaṇḍalam, keśastukaḥ, keśāntaḥ, khaṅkaraḥ, guḍālakaḥ, guḍālakam, cūḍā, cūrṇakuntalaḥ, śikhaṇḍakaḥ, śikhā, śikhāsūtra m
pṛṣṭhabhāge vāmabhāge dakṣiṇabhāge ca itastataḥ avakīrṇāḥ keśāḥ।
tasyāḥ alakena yuktaṃ mukhaṃ aparicitaḥ iva abhāsata।
sūtra
sūtra m
tat sāṅketikapadaṃ śabdaṃ vā yasmin kāryasya mūlasiddhāntasya prakriyādīnāṃ sakṣiptaṃ vidhānaṃ nihitam asti।
āinsṭīnamahodayasya ūrjāyāḥ sūtraṃ kathayatu।
sūtra
sūtra m, srotaḥ
kasyāpi jñānasya sūcanāyāḥ vā prāptisthānam।
viśvastaiḥ sūtraiḥ jñātaṃ yad asmin nagare pākistāninaḥ hastakāḥ santi।
sūtra
sūtra gaṇḍikā
sādhanaviśeṣaḥ, nālikāyāṃ maṇḍatāyitaṃ sūtram।
bālakasya vastrārthe kati sūtragaṇḍikāḥ āvaśyakāḥ।
sūtra
akṣasūtra m
rudrākṣasya mālā।
pitāmahaḥ akṣasūtraṃ dhārayati।
sūtra
sūtra dhāraḥ, prastutakartā
yaḥ prastauti।
sūtradhāraḥ eva apagataḥ tarhi kāryakramaḥ katham ārapsyate।
sūtra
kaṅkaṇaḥ, hastasūtra m, kauśukam
alaṃkāraviśeṣaḥ,haste paridhīyamāṇaḥ bhūṣaṇaḥ yaḥ kaṇ-kaṇ iti nādam karoti;
dānena pāṇirna tu kaṅkaṇena vibhāti
sūtra
guṇasūtra m
kośikāyāḥ kendrake vartamānā sūtrasadṛśā samānā racanā।
guṇasūtraiḥ ānuvaṃśikāḥ guṇāḥ santāne āgacchanti।
sūtra
brāhmaṇaḥ, vipraḥ, dvijātiḥ, dvijaḥ, bhūdevaḥ, agrajanmā, sūtra kaṇṭhaḥ, vaktrajaḥ, bāḍavaḥ, vedavāsaḥ, gurūḥ, maitraḥ
yaḥ brahmam jānāti।
karmaṇā brāhnaṇo jātaḥ karoti brahmabhāvanām।
[śa.ka.]
sūtra
sūtra kaṇṭhaḥ
śukānām anyeṣāṃ pakṣiṇāṃ śarīreṣu rekhāḥ।
nīlavarṇasya śukasya raktaḥ sūtrakaṇṭhaḥ atīva śobhanaḥ dṛśyate।
sūtra
rakṣā, rakṣāsūtra m
tat maṅgalaṃ sūtraṃ yat rakṣābandhasya utsave karamūle badhyate।
gītā svabhrātaraṃ rakṣāṃ badhnāti।
sūtra
śithila, virala, utsūtra , viślatha, viślathita
yad dṛḍhaṃ nāsti।
rajjuḥ śithilā jātā।
sūtra
akṣasūtra m, japamālā
śatānāṃ bījānāṃ mālāviśeṣaḥ yasyāḥ prayogaṃ yavanāḥ japāya kurvanti।
phakīrasya haste akṣasūtram āsīt।
sūtra
tvaṣṭiḥ, sūtra karma, saṃghāṭaḥ, kāṣṭhatakṣaṇam, takṣaṇam, takṣakakriyā
takṣakasya kāryam।
maheśaḥ tvaṣṭiṃ kṛtvā uttamaṃ dhanam arjayati।
sūtra
vayanam, syūtiḥ, veṇiḥ, tasarikā, vāṇiḥ, vāyanakriyā, sūtra vāpaḥ, paṭṭakarma, tantuvānam, tāntavam, āvapanam
tantuvāyasya kāryam।
sañjayaḥ vayanaṃ kṛtvā uttamaṃ dhanam arjayati।
sūtra
jālam, pāśaḥ, jālamālā, sūtra jālam
ṭenisādikrīḍāsu upayujyamānaṃ tantvādinā nirmitaṃ krīḍāsādhanaṃ yat krīḍāṅgaṇam ardhaṃ vibhājayati athavā yasya ubhayapakṣe sthitvā krīḍā ārabhyate।
ṭenisakrīḍārthaṃ bālakāḥ aṅgaṇe sūtrajālaṃ badhnāti।
sūtra
kaṇṭhābharaṇam, kaṇṭhabhūṣaṇam, galamekhalā, graivam, graiveyam, graiveyakam, mālā, mālikā, hāraḥ, kaṇṭhasūtra m
kanakasya vā rajatasya kaṇṭhe dhāryamāṇam ābharaṇam।
sā hīrakasya kaṇṭhābharaṇaṃ dhārayati।
sūtra
kāmasūtra m
maharṣiṇā vātsyāyanena racitaḥ bhāratasya prācīnaḥ kāmaśāstrasya granthaḥ।
kāmasūtrasya anuvādaḥ viśvasya sarvāsu bhāṣāsu jātaḥ।
sūtra
dīrghasūtra tā
lākṣaṇikarūpeṇa tathā ca vyaṅgyātmakarūpeṇa śāsanakāryasya sampādane nirṇaye vā jāyamānaḥ vilambaḥ।
dīrghasūtratā deśasya vikāse avarodhikā bhavati।
sūtra
śāṇḍilyasūtra pravacanam
ekaḥ ṭīkāgranthaḥ ।
śāṇḍilyasūtrapravacanasya ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
śāṇḍilyasūtra bhāṣyam
ekaḥ ṭīkāgranthaḥ ।
śāṇḍilyasūtrabhāṣyasya ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
śāṇḍilyasūtra vyākhyā
ekaḥ ṭīkāgranthaḥ ।
śāṇḍilyasūtravyākhyāyāḥ ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
kṛmisūtra ḥ
rogaviśeṣaḥ ।
kṛmisūtrasya varṇanaṃ kośe vartate
sūtra
kṛṣṇasūtra m
narakaviśeṣaḥ ।
kṛṣṇasūtrasya ullekhaḥ viṣṇupurāṇe dṛśyate
sūtra
pratimokṣasūtra m
sūtraviśeṣaḥ ।
bauddhasāhitye vartamānāni pratimokṣasūtrāṇi atīva udbodhakāni
sūtra
prāyaścittaśrautasūtra m
ekā kṛtiḥ ।
saṃskṛta-vāṅmaye prāyaścittaśrautasūtram iti khyātā racanā
sūtra
prāyaścittasūtra m
ekā kṛtiḥ ।
saṃskṛta-vāṅmaye prāyaścittasūtram iti khyātā racanā
sūtra
brahmajālasūtra m
ekaḥ bauddhasūtraviśeṣaḥ ।
prācīna-bhāratīya-bauddha-vāṅmaye brahmajālasūtraṃ suvikhyātam
sūtra
kṛmisūtra ḥ
rogaviśeṣaḥ ।
kṛmisūtrasya varṇanaṃ kośe vartate
sūtra
kṛṣṇasūtra m
narakaviśeṣaḥ ।
kṛṣṇasūtrasya ullekhaḥ viṣṇupurāṇe dṛśyate
sūtra
brahmajālasūtra m
ekaḥ bauddhasūtraviśeṣaḥ ।
prācīna-bhāratīya-bauddha-vāṅmaye brahmajālasūtraṃ suvikhyātam
sūtra
bharatasūtra m
śārṅgadharasya ekā alaṅkāraśāstrādhāritā kṛtiḥ ।
saṃskṛta-alaṅkāraśāstre bharatasūtraṃ mahatvapūrṇam asti
sūtra
snānavidhisūtra bhāṣyam
ekaḥ ṭīkāgranthaḥ ।
snānavidhisūtrabhāṣyasya ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
snānasūtra dīpikā
ekaḥ ṭīkāgranthaḥ ।
snānasūtradīpikā ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
snānasūtra paddhatiḥ
ekaḥ ṭīkāgranthaḥ ।
snānasūtrapaddhateḥ ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
snānasūtra bhāṣyavyākhyā
ekaḥ ṭīkāgranthaḥ ।
snānasūtrabhāṣyavyākhyāyāḥ ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
spandasūtra vimarśinī
ekaḥ ṭīkāgranthaḥ ।
spandasūtravimarśinyāḥ ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
puṣpasūtra bhāṣyam
ekaḥ ṭīkāgranthaḥ ।
puṣpasūtrasya ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
vṛddhirādaicsūtra vicāraḥ
vyākaraṇasya ekaḥ granthaḥ ।
vṛddhirādaicsūtravicārasya ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
jītavyavahārasūtra m
ekaḥ jainagranthaḥ ।
jītavyavahārasūtrasya ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
sūtra
jīvasūtra ḥ
ekaḥ ṛṣiḥ ।
jīvaputrasya ullekhaḥ āśvalāyana-śrautasūtre asti
sūtra
kalpasūtra m
ekaḥ sūtragranthaḥ ।
kalpasūtram iti granthaprakāraḥ vividhāsu śākhāsu vartate
sūtra
kalpasūtra m
ekaḥ granthaḥ ।
kalpasūtram iti ekaḥ vaidyakagranthaḥ vartate
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